Use of anti-family with sequence similarity 19, member a5 antibodies for the treatment of neuropathic pain

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure provides a method for the treatment of a neuropathic pain including a central neuropathic pain or a peripheral neuropathic pain in a subject comprising the administration of antibodies that specifically bind to human FAM19A5 and compositions comprising such antibodies. The present disclosure also provides methods for treating a neuropathic pain including a symptom of neuropathic pain, and/or an underlining cause of a neuropathic pain, by administering an antibody that specifically binds to human FAM19A5. In a specific aspect, the method comprises administering antibodies specifically bind to human FAM19A5, e.g., binds to soluble human FAM19A5 with a K D  of 10 nM or less, or binds to membrane bound human FAM19A5 with a K D  of 10 nM or less, or both, as measured by a method known in the art, e.g., ELISA.

REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMITTED ELECTRONICALLY

The content of the electronically submitted sequence listing (Name: 3763_0090002_SeqListing_ST26; Size: 329,953 bytes; and Date of Creation: Mar. 17, 2023) filed with the application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure provides methods for the treatment of neuropathic pain in a subject (e.g., a human) using antibodies that specifically bind to family with sequence similarity 19, member A5 (FAM19A5), or an antigen binding fragment thereof, or a composition comprising such antibodies or an antigen binding fragment thereof.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

Neuropathic pain is a chronic pain caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory system. Colloca L., et al., Nat Rev Dis Primers 3: 17002 (2017). The somatosensory system allows for the perception of touch, pressure, pain, temperature, position, movement, and vibration. The somatosensory nerves arise in the skin, muscles, joints, and fascia, and include thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, pruriceptors, and nociceptors that send signals to the spinal cord and eventually to the brain for further processing. Lesions or diseases of the somatosensory nervous system can lead to altered and disordered transmission of sensory signals into the spinal cord and the brain, resulting in chronic pain.

Neuropathic pain represents a significant burden for patients, society, and healthcare system. It is estimated that approximately 7-10% of the general population suffers from neuropathic pain. Cruccu G. and Truini A., Pain Ther 6: 35-42 (2017). Because of various factors (e.g., aging population, increasing obesity rate, increased survival of cancer patients being treated with interventions likely to cause neuropathic pain), the prevalence of neuropathic pain is likely to further increase in the future. Moulin D., et al., Pain Res Manag 19: 328-335 (2014).

Because the underlying cause is not always fully understood, management of neuropathic pain is often complicated and continues to be a challenge. Finnerup N. B., et al., Lancet Neurol 14: 162-173 (2015). Current approaches merely focus on treating the symptoms of neuropathic pain with pharmacological agents, such as tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), calcium channel alpha-2-delta ligands gabapentin and pregablain), and opioids. Cruccu G. and Truini A., Pain Ther 6: 35-42 (2017). Such drugs often have serious side effects and/or limited efficacy in many individuals. Therefore, there is a current need for more effective treatment options for neuropathic pain.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

Disclosed herein is a method for treating a neuropathic pain, including a central neuropathic pain or a peripheral neuropathic pain, in a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to the subject an antagonist against a family with sequence similarity 19, member A5 (FAM19A5) protein.

In some embodiments, the neuropathic pain is associated with a physical injury, an infection, diabetes, cancer therapy, alcoholism, amputation, weakness of a muscle in the back, leg, hip, or face, trigeminal neuralgia, multiple sclerosis, shingles, spine surgery, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the neuropathic pain comprises carpal tunnel syndrome, central pain syndrome, degenerative disk disease, diabetic neuropathy, phantom limb pain, postherpetic neuralgia (shingles), pudendal neuralgia, sciatica, low back pain, trigeminal neuralgia, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the neuropathic pain is caused by a compression of a nerve. In some embodiments, the diabetic neuropathy is diabetic peripheral neuropathy. In some embodiments, the neuropathic pain is sciatica.

Also provided herein is a method of increasing a threshold or latency to an external stimulus in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an antagonist against a FAM19A5 protein. In some embodiments, the external stimulus is a mechanical stimulus. In other embodiments, the external stimulus is a thermal stimulus.

The present disclosure also provides a method of increasing a sensory nerve conduction velocity in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an antagonist against a FAM19A5 protein.

In some embodiments, the FAM19A5 antagonist is an antisense oligonucleotide, siRNA, shRNA, miRNA, dsRNA, aptamer, PNA that specifically targets FAM19A5, or a vector including the same. In other embodiments, the FAM19A5 antagonist is an anti-FAM19A5 antibody, a polynucleotide encoding the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, a vector comprising the polynucleotide thereof, a cell comprising the polynucleotide thereof, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the FAM19A5 antagonist is an anti-FAM19A5 antibody.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody exhibits a property selected from: (a) binds to soluble human FAM19A5 with a K_(D) of 10 nM or less as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); (b) binds to membrane bound human FAM19A5 with a K_(D) of 10 nM or less as measured by ELISA; or (c) both (a) and (b).

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody cross-competes for binding to a human FAM19A5 epitope with a reference antibody comprising a heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 and a light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3, (i) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18, the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31; (ii) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15, the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28; (iii) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25; or (iv) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21, the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody binds to the same FAM19A5 epitope as a reference antibody comprising a heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 and a light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3, (i) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18, the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31; (ii) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15, the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28; (iii) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25; or (iv) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21, the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody binds to at least one FAM19A5 epitope, which is SEQ ID NO: 6 or SEQ ID NO: 9. In other embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody binds only to an FAM19A5 epitope, which is SEQ ID NO: 6 or SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody further binds to an additional FAM19A5 epitope. In some embodiments, the additional FAM19A5 epitope is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, and any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody comprises a heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 and a light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3. In certain embodiments, the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 13, or SEQ ID NO: 22. In other embodiments, the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 11, or SEQ ID NO: 20. In some embodiments, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 12, or SEQ ID NO: 21.

In some embodiments, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 23, or SEQ ID NO: 32. In certain embodiments, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 24, or SEQ ID NO: 33. In some embodiments, the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO: 25, or SEQ ID NO: 34.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody comprises a heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3, and a light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3, wherein (i) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 17, 18, and 19, respectively, and the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 29, 30, and 31, respectively; (ii) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 14, 15, and 16, respectively, and the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 26, 27, and 28, respectively; (iii) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 11, 12, and 13, respectively, and the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 23, 24, and 25, respectively; or (iv) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 20, 21, and 22, respectively, and the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 32, 33, and 34, respectively.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody comprises a heavy chain variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 37, SEQ ID NO: 36, SEQ ID NO: 35, or SEQ ID NO: 38 and/or a light chain variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 41, SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 39, or SEQ ID NO: 42. In certain embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody comprises a heavy chain variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 37 and a light chain variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 41. In other embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody comprises a heavy chain variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 36 and a light chain variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 40. In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody comprises a heavy chain variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 35 and a light chain variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 39. In certain embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody comprises a heavy chain variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 38 and a light chain variable domain comprising SEQ ID NO: 42.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region, wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence which is at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or about 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 37, 36, 35, or 38. In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region, wherein the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence which is at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or about 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 41, 40, 39, or 42. In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region, wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence which is at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or about 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 37, 36, 35, or 38; and wherein the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence which is at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or about 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 41, 40, 39, or 42.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody comprises an Fab, an Fab′, an F(ab′)2, an Fv, or a single chain Fv (scFv).

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody is selected from the group consisting of an IgG1, an IgG2, an IgG3, an IgG4, a variant thereof, and any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody is an IgG2 antibody, an IgG4 antibody, or a combination thereof. In other embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody comprises an IgG2/IgG4 isotype antibody.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody further comprises a constant region without the Fc function. In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody is a chimeric antibody, a human antibody, or a humanized antibody.

In some embodiments, the FAM19A5 antagonist is linked to an agent, thereby forming an immunoconjugate. In some embodiments, the FAM19A5 antagonist is formulated with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the FAM19A5 antagonist is administered intravenously, orally, parenterally, intrathecally, intra-cerebroventricularly, pulmonarily, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, intravitreally, or intraventricularly.

In some embodiments, the subject is a human.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 1C show the binding analysis of individual scFv clones to FAM19A5 protein. The absorbance was measured at 405 nM. The clone numbers are indicated in the X axis. FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 1C show the analysis of 96 clones from the 3^(rd) order, 4^(th) order, or 5^(th) order bio-panning derived from the first chicken, the second chicken, and the third chicken, respectively.

FIG. 2 shows the schematic diagram for subcloning of anti-FAM19A5 antibody (scFv) into a mammalian expression vector.

FIG. 3 shows SDS-PAGE results of the chimeric anti-FAM19A5-IgG2/4 monoclonal antibody (1-65). The left panel shows a reducing SDS-PAGE, and the right panel shows a non-reducing SDS-PAGE.

FIG. 4A shows that chimeric anti-FAM19A5-IgG2/4 monoclonal antibody (1-65) specifically binds to human FAM19A5.

FIG. 4B shows that the chimeric anti-FAM19A5-IgG2/4 monoclonal antibody (1-65) is specific to FAM19A5 protein, but does not bind to other proteins in the FAM19A subfamily.

FIGS. 5A and 5B show that administration of anti-FAM19A5 antibody alleviates mechanical hyperalgesia in chronic constrictive injury (CCI) induced rats. The effect on mechanical hyperalgesia is shown as a threshold at which the animals withdrew their paw in response to the mechanical stimuli. The animals had received one of the following prior to the threshold measurement: (i) control antibody (human IgG) (“G2”), (ii) anti-FAM19A5 antibody (“G3”), or (iii) pregabalin (“G4”). Naïve (healthy) animals were used as “sham controls” (i.e., no CCI-induction and no antibody administration) (“G1”). FIG. 5A shows the threshold data at day 6 post CCI induction. FIG. 5B shows the threshold data at day 21 post CCI induction. In both FIGS. 5A and 5B, the bar graph shows the data as mean±S.D. The table below the graph shows the data for the individual mice from each group.

FIGS. 6A and 6B show that administration of anti-FAM19A5 antibody improves motor function in CCI induced rats. The effect on motor function is shown as the latency (seconds) to fall off the Rotarod-treadmill as described in the Examples. The CCI induced animals had received one of the following prior to the threshold measurement: (i) control antibody (human IgG) (“G2”), (ii) anti-FAM19A5 antibody (“G3”), or (iii) pregabalin (“G4”). Naïve (healthy) animals were used as “sham controls” (i.e., no CCI induction and no antibody administration) (“G1”). FIG. 6A shows the data at day 6 post CCI induction. FIG. 6B shows the data at day 21 post CCI induction. The bar graphs show the latency data as mean±S.D. The table below the graphs show the data for the individual mice from each group.

FIG. 7 shows an alignment of FAM19A5 amino acid sequences of different species (i.e., human, mouse, rat, and chicken). Fragments F1-F6, which were used for the epitope mapping analysis, are indicated. The signal peptides are underlined.

FIG. 8 shows the amino acid sequences of epitopes F1-F6 (conjugated to BS) and their location on the human FAM19A5 polypeptide. The top amino acid sequence shown is the wild-type FAM19A5 isoform 2 (without the signal peptide). The second amino acid sequence shown is the same sequence but the cysteine residues were mutated to serine to reduce nonspecific activity during peptide synthesis. The size of the different epitope fragments are indicated in parentheses.

FIG. 9 shows Western blot results for epitope mapping of monoclonal antibody clone 1-65 to epitope fragments F1 to F6 (lanes 3-8, respectively). FAM19A5-CK (lane 1), PSA-CK (lane 2), peptide NDV-BSA (lane 9), and BSA (lane 10) were used as controls. The respective sizes of the different antigens used are shown to the right of the blot. The amount of antigen used per well is 300 ng. The primary antibody used for the Western blot is 1-65-scFv-rabbit-Fc-SSS (2 μg/mL), and the secondary antibody used for the experiment is anti-Rabbit IgG (Fc specific)-HRP (1:4000).

FIG. 10 shows that administration of anti-FAM19A5 antibody improved mechanical allodynia in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) rats. The effect on mechanical allodynia is shown as a threshold (g) at which the animals withdrew their paw in response to mechanical stimuli (“paw withdrawal threshold”). Approximately three weeks after inducing diabetic peripheral neuropathy in the rats, the animals received weekly administration of either a control antibody (NHI, open square, n=9) or the anti-FAM19A5 antibody (3-2) (closed square, n=9). Naïve (i.e., healthy, no induction of DPN) animals were used as a control (open circle, n=5). Data are expressed as mean±S.D. “*” indicates a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) compared to the animals that received the control antibody.

FIGS. 11A and 11B show that administration of anti-FAM19A5 antibody improved thermal hyperalgesia in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) rats. The effect on thermal hyperalgesia is shown as duration of time before the animals withdrew their paw in response to the heat stimulation (“paw withdrawal latency”). The DPN rats received either the control antibody (NHI, square) or the anti-FAM19A5 antibody (3-2) (triangle). FIG. 11A shows the thermal hyperalgesia data at 4 weeks post antibody administration. FIG. 11B shows the thermal hyperalgesia data at 8 weeks post antibody administration. Naïve (i.e., healthy, no induction of DPN) animals were used as control. Each symbol represents an individual animal. The mean±S.D. is also shown.

FIG. 12 shows that administration of anti-FAM19A5 antibody improved sensory nerve conduction velocity (m/s) in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) rats at 8 weeks post antibody administration. The DPN rats received either the control antibody (NHI, square) or the anti-FAM19A5 antibody (3-2) (triangle). Naïve (i.e., healthy, no induction of DPN) animals were used as control. Each symbol represents an individual animal. The mean±S.D. is also shown.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

Disclosed herein is a method for treating a neuropathic pain in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject an antagonist (e.g., isolated monoclonal antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof), which specifically binds to human family with sequence similarity 19, member A5 (FAM19A5) protein.

To facilitate an understanding of the disclosure provided herein, a number of terms and phrases are defined. Additional definitions are set forth throughout the detailed description.

I. Definitions

Throughout this disclosure, the term “a” or “an” entity refers to one or more of that entity; for example, “an antibody,” is understood to represent one or more antibodies. As such, the terms “a” (or “an”), “one or more,” and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein.

Furthermore, “and/or” where used herein is to be taken as specific disclosure of each of the two specified features or components with or without the other. Thus, the term “and/or” as used in a phrase such as “A and/or B” herein is intended to include “A and B,” “A or B,” “A” (alone), and “B” (alone). Likewise, the term “and/or” as used in a phrase such as “A, B, and/or C” is intended to encompass each of the following aspects: A, B, and C; A, B, or C; A or C; A or B; B or C; A and C; A and B; B and C; A (alone); B (alone); and C (alone).

It is understood that wherever aspects are described herein with the language “comprising,” otherwise analogous aspects described in terms of “consisting of” and/or “consisting essentially of” are also provided.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure is related. For example, the Concise Dictionary of Biomedicine and Molecular Biology, Juo, Pei-Show, 2nd ed., 2002, CRC Press; The Dictionary of Cell and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed., 1999, Academic Press; and the Oxford Dictionary Of Biochemistry And Molecular Biology, Revised, 2000, Oxford University Press, provide one of skill with a general dictionary of many of the terms used in this disclosure.

Units, prefixes, and symbols are denoted in their Système International de Unites (SI) accepted form. Numeric ranges are inclusive of the numbers defining the range. Unless otherwise indicated, amino acid sequences are written left to right in amino to carboxy orientation. The headings provided herein are not limitations of the various aspects of the disclosure, which can be had by reference to the specification as a whole. Accordingly, the terms defined immediately below are more fully defined by reference to the specification in its entirety.

The term “about” is used herein to mean approximately, roughly, around, or in the regions of. When the term “about” is used in conjunction with a numerical range, it modifies that range by extending the boundaries above and below the numerical values set forth. In general, the term “about” can modify a numerical value above and below the stated value by a variance of, e.g., 10 percent, up or down (higher or lower).

The term “neuropathic pain” refers to a pain due to an injury, damage, and/or improper function affecting any level of the central nervous system (CNS) and/or the peripheral nervous system. The term “neuropathic pain” includes any and all types of neuropathic pain regardless of the cause and any and all symptoms of neuropathic pain.

Neuropathic pain includes central neuropathic pain and peripheral neuropathic pain. As used herein, the term “central neuropathic pain” refers to pain resulting from a disorder, congenital defect, or injury to the central nervous system (i.e., the brain or spinal cord). As used herein, the term “peripheral neuropathic pain” refers to pain resulting from an injury or an infection of the peripheral sensory nerves.

Symptoms of neuropathic pain can include persistent/chronic pain, spontaneous pain, as well as allodynia (e.g., a painful response to a stimulus that normally is not painful), hyperalgesia (e.g., an accentuated response to a painful stimulus that usually causes only a mild discomfort, such as a pin prick), hyperesthesia (e.g., excessive physical sensitivity to stimuli, especially of the skin), or hyperpathia (e.g., where a short discomfort becomes a prolonged severe pain). In some embodiments, symptoms can be long-lasting and persist after resolution of the primary cause, if one was present. Merck Manual, Neuropathic Pain, available at merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/pain/neuropathic-pain; Campbell J. N. and Meyer R. A. Neuron 52(1): 77-92 (2006).

In some embodiments, the types of neuropathic pain can include: (1) neuralgia, (2) deafferentation pain syndrome, (3) complex regional pain syndrome (CRPSs), and (4) neuropathy (central or peripheral).

In some embodiments, the neuropathic pain is a neuralgia, which refers to a pain that radiates along the course of one or more specific nerves (e.g., cranial nerves), usually without any demonstrable pathological change in the nerve structure. Neuralgia includes, without limitation, trigeminal neuralgia (TN), atypical trigeminal neuralgia (ATN), occipital neuralgia, glossopharyngeal neuralgia, postherpetic neuralgia (caused by shingles or herpes), peripheral nerve injury pain, sciatica, low back pain, and an atypical facial pain. Chemical irritation, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, inflammation, trauma (including surgery), compression of the nerves by nearby structures (for instance, tumors), certain medicines (e.g., cisplatin, paclitaxel, or vincristine), porphyria (blood disorder), and infections (e.g., herpes zoster (shingles), HIV/AIDS, Lyme disease, or syphilis) can all lead to neuralgia.

In some embodiments, the neuropathic pain is a deafferentation pain syndrome, which can result from a loss of the sensory input from a portion of the body (e.g., caused by interruption of either peripheral sensory fibers or nerves from the central nervous system). Deafferentation pain syndrome includes, without limitation, an injury to the brain or spinal cord, a post-stroke pain, a phantom pain, a paraplegia, a brachial plexus avulsion injuries, and lumbar radiculopathies.

In some embodiments, the neuropathic pain is a “Complex Regional Pain Syndrome” (CRPS), which is a chronic pain condition that most commonly affects an arm or a leg. In some embodiments, the CRPS develops after an injury, surgery, stroke, or heart attack. In certain embodiments, the CRPS is a type I CRPS (CRPS-I) (also known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome). Individuals without a confirmed nerve injury are often classified as having CRPS-I. In other embodiments, the CRPS is a type II CRPS (CRPS-II) (also known as causalgia), which is associated with a confirmed nerve injury.

In some embodiments, the neuropathic pain is a neuropathy, which refers to a pain resulting from a functional or pathological change (e.g., a disease or damage) in a nerve. Neuropathy can often be characterized clinically by sensory or motor neuron abnormalities. In certain embodiments, the neuropathy is a central neuropathy (e.g., a functional or pathological change in the central nervous system). In other embodiments, the neuropathy is a peripheral neuropathy (e.g., a functional or pathological change in one or more peripheral nerves, including a motor nerve, a sensory nerve, an autonomic nerve, or a combination thereof). In some embodiments, the peripheral neuropathy involves a functional or pathological change to a single nerve or nerve group (i.e., mononeuropathy). In some embodiments, the peripheral neuropathy involves a functional or pathological change affecting multiple nerves (locally or systemically) (i.e., polyneuropathy). In some embodiments, the peripheral neuropathy affects both sides of the body roughly the same (i.e., symmetrical polyneuropathy). In some embodiments, the peripheral neuropathy affects disparate areas of the body (e.g., mononeuritis multiplex, multifocal mononeuropathy, or multiple mononeuropathy).

As used herein, “mononeuropathy” is a peripheral neuropathy involving loss of movement or sensation to an area caused by damage or destruction to a single peripheral nerve or nerve group. Mononeuropathy is most often caused by an injury or trauma to a local area, which, e.g., results in prolonged pressure/compression on a single nerve. However, certain systemic disorders (e.g., mononeuritis multiplex) can also cause mononeuropathy. In some embodiment, the injury or trauma to a local area causes destruction of the myelin sheath (covering) of the nerve or of part of the nerve cell (the axon), which can slow down or prevent the conduction of impulses through the nerve. In some embodiment, the mononeuropathy can affect any part of the body. Examples of mononeuropathic pain include, without limitation, a sciatic nerve dysfunction, a common peroneal nerve dysfunction, a radial nerve dysfunction, an ulnar nerve dysfunction, a cranial mononeuropathy VI, a cranial mononeuropathy VII, a cranial mononeuropathy III (compression type), a cranial mononeuropathy III (diabetic type), an axillary nerve dysfunction, a carpal tunnel syndrome, a femoral nerve dysfunction, a tibial nerve dysfunction, a Bell's palsy, a thoracic outlet syndrome, a carpal tunnel syndrome, and a sixth (abducent) nerve palsy. Finnerup N. B. et al., Pain 157(8): 1599-1606 (2016); National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Peripheral Neuropathy Fact Sheet, available at ninds.nih.gov/disorders/peripheralneuropathy/detail_peripheralneuropathy.htm. In some embodiments, the mononeuropathic pain is a sciatica.

As used herein, “polyneuropathy” is a peripheral neuropathy involving the loss of movement or sensation to an area caused by damage or destruction to multiple peripheral nerves. Polyneuropathic pain includes, without limitation, post-polio syndrome, postmastectomy syndrome, diabetic neuropathy, alcohol neuropathy, amyloid, toxins, AIDS, hypothyroidism, uremia, vitamin deficiencies, chemotherapy-induced pain, 2′,3′-didexoycytidine (ddC) treatment, Guillain-Barre syndrome or Fabry's disease. Finnerup N. B. et al., Pain 157(8): 1599-1606 (2016); National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Peripheral Neuropathy Fact Sheet, available at ninds.nih.gov/disorders/peripheralneuropathy/detail_peripheralneuropathyhtm. In some embodiments, the polyneuropathy is a diabetic peripheral neuropathy. In certain embodiments, the diabetic peripheral neuropathy is caused by the high blood glucose levels (blood sugar) and/or the high levels of fat (e.g., triglycerides) in the blood of diabetic subjects, which causes damage to the peripheral nerves of the subject.

In some embodiments, peripheral neuropathy disclosed herein can be classified based on the part of the nerve cell that is damaged or affected (e.g., axon, myelin sheath, or the cell body). In some embodiments, the peripheral neuropathy is a distal axonopathy, which results from a metabolic or toxic derangement of the axons. In some embodiments, the metabolic derangement comprises diabetes, renal failure, deficiency syndromes such as malnutrition and alcoholism. In some embodiments, the metabolic derangement is diabetes, and the distal axonopathy is diabetic neuropathy.

In some embodiments, the peripheral neuropathy is a myelinopathy, which results from a primary attack on myelin or the myelinating Schwann cells, causing an acute failure of impulse conduction. The most common cause is acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP; aka Guillain-Barre syndrome), though other causes include chronic inflammatory demyelinating syndrome (CIDP), genetic metabolic disorders (e.g., leukodystrophy), or toxins.

In some embodiments, the peripheral neuropathy is a neuronopathy, which is due to a destruction of peripheral nervous system (PNS) neurons. In some embodiments, the neuronopathy is caused by motor neuron diseases, sensory neuronopathies (e.g., Herpes zoster), toxins or autonomic dysfunction. In some embodiments, the neuronopathy is caused by neurotoxins, such as the chemotherapy agent vincristine.

Neuropathic pain can result from or be associated with various etiologies (e.g., a physical injury (e.g., trauma or repetitive stress), a disease or disorder, exposure to a toxic agent, or a combination thereof). In some embodiments, the neuropathic pain results from or is associated with a traumatic injury or damage, such as, for example, a nerve compression injury (e.g., a nerve crush, a nerve stretch, a nerve entrapment or an incomplete nerve transsection); a spinal cord injury (e.g., a hemisection of the spinal cord); an injury or damage to a peripheral nerve (e.g., a motor nerve, sensory nerve, or autonomic nerve, or a combination thereof.), a limb amputation; a contusion; an inflammation (e.g., an inflammation of the spinal cord); or a surgical procedure. In some embodiments, the neuropathic pain results from or is associated with a repetitive stress, including, for example, repetitive, awkward, and/or forceful activities that require movement of any group of joints for prolonged periods. Not be bound by any one theory, the resulting irritation can cause ligaments, tendons, and muscles to become inflamed and swollen, constricting the narrow passageways through which nerves pass (e.g., ulnar neuropathy and carpal tunnel syndrome, which are neuropathy from trapped or compressed nerves at the elbow or wrist.). In some embodiments, the neuropathic pain results from or is associated with a disease or disorder including, for example, an ischemic event (e.g., a stroke or a heart attack), multiple sclerosis, a metabolic and/or endocrine disease or disorder (e.g., diabetes mellitus, metabolic disease, and acromegaly, a condition caused by overproduction of growth hormone and is characterized by the abnormal enlargement of parts of the skeleton, including the joints, leading to nerve entrapment and pain.), a small vessel disease that causes decreased oxygen supply to the peripheral nerves leading to nerve tissue damage (e.g., vasculitis, namely blood vessel inflammation), an autoimmune disease (e.g., Sjogren's syndrome, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and acute inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy, also known as Guillain-Barré syndrome), a kidney disorder, a cancer or tumor (e.g., a neoplastic tumor, neuromas, paraneoplastic syndromes, and toxicity from the chemotherapeutic agents and radiation in cancer treatment), an infection (e.g., infections by viruses such as herpes varicellazoster (shingles), Epstein-Barr virus, West Nile virus, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex viruses, an acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), or by bacteria such as Lyme disease, diphtheria, and leprosy), an inflammatory disorder, a peripheral nerve disorder (e.g., neuroma), a genetic disorder, either hereditary or arise de novo (e.g., Charcot-Marie-Tooth disorders include extreme weakening and wasting of muscles in the lower legs and feet, gait abnormalities, loss of tendon reflexes, and numbness in the lower limbs), a mononeuropathy or a polyneuropathy. In some embodiments, the neuropathic pain results from or is associated with an infectious agent (e.g., tick-borne infection, herpes varicellazoster, Epstein-Barr virus, West Nile virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex viruses, AIDS). In some embodiments, the neuropathic pain results from or is associated with an exposure to a toxic agent, including, for example, a drug, an alcohol, a heavy metal (e.g., lead, arsenic, mercury), an industrial agent (e.g., a solvent, fumes from a glue) or nitrous oxide.

The term “a neuropathic pain associated with” a disease or disorder refers to a neuropathic pain that accompanies a disease or disorder (e.g., those disclosed herein), or caused by or resulting from a disease or a disorder (e.g., those disclosed herein).

The terms “treat,” “treating,” and “treatment,” as used herein, refer to any type of intervention or process performed on, or administering an active agent to, the subject with the objective of reversing, alleviating, ameliorating, inhibiting, or slowing down or preventing the progression, development, severity or recurrence of a symptom, complication, condition or biochemical indicia associated with a disease. Treatment can be of a subject having a disease or a subject who does not have a disease (e.g., for prophylaxis).

As used herein, “administering” refers to the physical introduction of a therapeutic agent or a composition comprising a therapeutic agent to a subject, using any of the various methods and delivery systems known to those skilled in the art. Preferred routes of administration for antibodies described herein include intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, spinal, intravitreal, or other parenteral routes of administration, for example by injection or infusion. The phrase “parenteral administration” as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intralymphatic, intralesional, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intravitreal, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal, epidural and intrasternal injection and infusion, as well as in vivo electroporation. Alternatively, an antibody described herein can be administered via a non-parenteral route, such as a topical, epidermal or mucosal route of administration, for example, intranasally, orally, vaginally, rectally, sublingually or topically. Administering can also be performed, for example, once, a plurality of times, and/or over one or more extended periods.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” as used herein refers to an amount of a drug, alone or in combination with another therapeutic agent, effective to “treat” a disease or disorder in a subject or reduce the risk, potential, possibility or occurrence of a disease or disorder (e.g., a neuropathic pain). A “therapeutically effective amount” includes an amount of a drug or a therapeutic agent that provides some improvement or benefit to a subject having or at risk of having a disease or disorder (e.g., a neuropathic pain disclosed herein). Thus, a “therapeutically effective” amount is an amount that reduces the risk, potential, possibility or occurrence of a disease or provides disorder or some alleviation, mitigation, and/or reduces at least one indicator (e.g., a neuropathic pain), and/or decrease in at least one clinical symptom of a disease or disorder.

As used herein, the term “subject” includes any human or non-human animal. The term “non-human animal” includes all vertebrates, e.g., mammals and non-mammals, such as non-human primates, sheep, dog, cow, chickens, amphibians, reptiles, etc.

The term “family with sequence similarity 19, member A5” or “FAM19A5” refers to a protein that belongs to the TAFA family (also known as FAM19 family) of five highly homologous proteins and is predominantly expressed in brain and the spinal cord. FAM19A5 is also known as TAFA5 or Chemokine-like protein TAFA-5.

In humans, the gene encoding FAM19A5 is located on chromosome 22. There are multiple human FAM19A5 (UniProt: Q7Z5A7) isoforms, which are believed to be produced by alternative splicing: isoform 1 (UniProt: Q7Z5A7-1), which consists of 132 amino acids, isoform 2 (UniProt: Q7Z5A7-2), which consists of 125 amino acids, and isoform 3 (UniProt: Q7Z5A7-3), which consists of 53 amino acids. Human FAM19A5 protein is believed to exist as both membrane bound and soluble (secreted) forms. Isoform 1 is believed to be a membrane with one transmembrane region. Isoform 2, which was reported in Tang T. Y. et al., Genomics 83(4):727-34 (2004) as a secreted protein (soluble), contains a signal peptide at amino acid positions 1-25. Isoform 1 is believed to be a membrane protein. Below are the amino acid sequences of the three known human FAM19A5 isoforms.

-   -   (I) Isoform 1 (UniProt: Q7Z5A7-1, transmembrane protein): this         isoform has been chosen as the canonical sequence.

(SEQ ID NO: 1) MAPSPRTGSR QDATALPSMS STFWAFMILA SLLIAYCSQL AAGTCEIVTL DRDSSQPRRT IARQTARCAC RKGQIAGTTR ARPACVDARI IKTKQWCDML PCLEGEGCDL LINRSGWTCT QPGGRIKTTT VS

-   -   (II) Isoform 2 (UniProt: Q7Z5A7-2, soluble protein):

(SEQ ID NO: 2) MOLLKALWAL AGAALCCFLV LVIHAQFLKE GQLAAGTCEI VTLDRDSSQP RRTIARQTAR CACRKGQIAG TTRARPACVD ARIIKTKQWC DMLPCLEGEG CDLLINRSGW TCTQPGGRIK TTTVS

-   -   (III) Isoform 3 (UniProt: Q7Z5A7-3):

(SEQ ID NO: 3) MYHHREWPAR IIKTKQWCDM LPCLEGEGCD LLINRSGWTC TQPGGRIKTT TVS

The term “FAM19A5” includes any variants or isoforms of FAM19A5 which are naturally expressed by cells. Accordingly, antibodies described herein can cross-react with different isoforms in the same species (e.g., different isoforms of human FAM19A5), or cross-react with FAM19A5 from species other than human (e.g., mouse FAM19A5). Alternatively, the antibodies can be specific for human FAM19A5 and cannot exhibit any cross-reactivity with other species. FAM19A5 or any variants and isoforms thereof, can either be isolated from cells or tissues which naturally express them or be recombinantly produced. The polynucleotide encoding human FAM19A5 has the GenBank Accession No. BC039396 and the following sequence:

TABLE 1 Polynucleotide sequence of human FAM19A5 Polynucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 4) FAM19A5 ggcggcggag gatggcgcgc gcggggcccg cacgtggagg ccggcgcggg (GenBank ggcgcgggca gggccggctg ctgagacgcg ctgctgcccc ccgcgcgggc Accession No. gccgcggctt caatggcgcc atcgcccagg accggcagcc ggcaagatgc BC039396) gaccgccctg cccagcatgt cctcaacttt ctgggcgttc atgatcctgg ccagcctgct catcgcctac tgcagtcagc tggccgccgg cacctgtgag attgtgacct tggaccggga cagcagccag cctcggagga cgatcgcccg gcagaccgcc cgctgtgcgt gtagaaaggg gcagatcgcc ggcaccacga gagcccggcc cgcctgtgtg gacgcaagaa tcatcaagac caagcagtgg tgtgacatgc ttccgtgtct ggagggggaa ggctgcgact tgttaatcaa ccggtcaggc tggacgtgca cgcagcccgg cgggaggata aagaccacca cggtctcctg acaaacacag cccctgaggg ggccccggga gtggccttgg ctccctggag agcccacgtc tcagccacag ttctccactc gcctcggact tcacccgttc tctgccgccc gcccactccg tttccctgtg gtccgtgaag gacggcctca ggccttggca tcctgagctt cggtctgtcc agccgacccg aggaggccgg actcagacac ataggcgggg ggcggcacct ggcatcagca atacgcagtc tgtgggagcc cggccgcgcc cagcccccgc cgaccgtggc gttggccctg ctgtcctcag aggaggagga ggaggaggca gctccggcag ccacagaagg ctgcagccca gcccgcctga gacacgacgc ctgccccagg ggactgtcag gcacagaagc ggcctcctcc cgtgccccag actgtccgaa ttgcttttat tttcttatac tttcagtata ctccatagac caaagagcaa aatctatctg aacctggacg caccctcact gtcagggtcc ctggggtcgc ttgtgcgggc gggagggcaa tggtggcaga gacatgctgg tggccccggc ggagcggaga gggcggccgt ggtggaggcc tccaccccag gagcaccccg cacaccctcg gaggacgggc ttcggctgcg cggaggccgt ggcacacctg cgggaggcag cgacggcccc cacgcagacg ccgggaacgc aggccgcttt attcctctgt acttagatca acttgaccgt actaaaatcc ctttctgttt taaccagtta aacatgcctc ttctacagct ccatttttga tagttggata atccagtatc tgccaagagc atgttgggtc tcccgtgact gctgcctcat cgatacccca tttagctcca gaaagcaaag aaaactcgag taacacttgt ttgaaagaga tcattaaatg tattttgcaa agcccaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa a

The term “antagonist against a FAM19A5 protein” refers to all antagonists that suppress the expression of the FAM19A5 protein. Such antagonist can be a peptide, a nucleic acid, or a compound. More specifically, the antagonist can be an antisense-oligonucleotide, siRNA, shRNA, miRNA, dsRNA, aptamer, PNA (peptide nucleic acid) targeting FAM19A5, or a vector including the same. In some embodiments, the antagonist can be an antibody, or an antigen-binding portion thereof, that specifically binds to the FAM19A5 protein.

The terms “antibody” and “antibodies” are terms of art and can be used interchangeably herein and refer to a molecule with an antigen binding site that specifically binds an antigen. The terms as used herein include whole antibodies and any antigen binding fragments (i.e., “antigen-binding portions”) or single chains thereof. An “antibody” refers, in some embodiments, to a glycoprotein comprising at least two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains inter-connected by disulfide bonds, or an antigen binding portion thereof. In other embodiments, an “antibody” refers to a single chain antibody comprising a single variable domain, e.g., VHH domain. Each heavy chain is comprised of a heavy chain variable region (abbreviated herein as VH) and a heavy chain constant region. In certain naturally occurring antibodies, the heavy chain constant region is comprised of three domains, CH1, CH2 and CH3. In certain naturally occurring antibodies, each light chain is comprised of a light chain variable region (abbreviated herein as VL) and a light chain constant region. The light chain constant region is comprised of one domain, CL.

The VH and VL regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDR), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR). Each VH and VL is composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, and FR4. The variable regions of the heavy and light chains contain a binding domain that interacts with an antigen. The constant regions of the antibodies can mediate the binding of the immunoglobulin to host tissues or factors, including various cells of the immune system (e.g., effector cells) and the first component (C1q) of the classical complement system.

The term “Kabat numbering” and like terms are recognized in the art and refer to a system of numbering amino acid residues in the heavy and light chain variable regions of an antibody, or an antigen-binding portion thereof. In certain aspects, the CDRs of an antibody can be determined according to the Kabat numbering system (see, e.g., Kabat E A & Wu T T (1971) Ann NY Acad Sci 190: 382-391 and Kabat E A et al., (1991) Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242). Using the Kabat numbering system, CDRs within an antibody heavy chain molecule are typically present at amino acid positions 31 to 35, which optionally can include one or two additional amino acids, following 35 (referred to in the Kabat numbering scheme as 35A and 35B) (CDR1), amino acid positions 50 to 65 (CDR2), and amino acid positions 95 to 102 (CDR3). Using the Kabat numbering system, CDRs within an antibody light chain molecule are typically present at amino acid positions 24 to 34 (CDR1), amino acid positions 50 to 56 (CDR2), and amino acid positions 89 to 97 (CDR3). In a specific embodiment, the CDRs of the antibodies described herein have been determined according to the Kabat numbering scheme.

The phrases “amino acid position numbering as in Kabat,” “Kabat position,” and grammatical variants thereof refer to the numbering system used for heavy chain variable domains or light chain variable domains of the compilation of antibodies in Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991). Using this numbering system, the actual linear amino acid sequence can contain fewer or additional amino acids corresponding to a shortening of, or insertion into, a FW or CDR of the variable domain. For example, a heavy chain variable domain can include a single amino acid insert (residue 52a according to Kabat) after residue 52 of H2 and inserted residues (e.g., residues 82a, 82b, and 82c, etc. according to Kabat) after heavy chain FW residue 82. See TABLE 1B.

TABLE 1B Loop Kabat AbM Chothia L1 L24-L34 L24-L34 L24-L34 L2 L50-L56 L50-L56 L50-L56 L3 L89-L97 L89-L97 L89-L97 H1 H31-H35B H26-H35B H26-H32 . . . 34 (Kabat Numbering) H1 H31-H35 H26-H35 H26-H32 (Chothia Numbering) H2 H50-H65 H50-H58 H52-H56 H3 H95-H102 H95-H102 H95-H102

The Kabat numbering of residues can be determined for a given antibody by alignment at regions of homology of the sequence of the antibody with a “standard” Kabat numbered sequence. Chothia refers instead to the location of the structural loops (Chothia and Lesk, J. Mol. Biol. 196:901-917 (1987)). The end of the Chothia CDR-H1 loop when numbered using the Kabat numbering convention varies between H32 and H34 depending on the length of the loop (this is because the Kabat numbering scheme places the insertions at H35A and H35B; if neither 35A nor 35B is present, the loop ends at 32; if only 35A is present, the loop ends at 33; if both 35A and 35B are present, the loop ends at 34). The AbM hypervariable regions represent a compromise between the Kabat CDRs and Chothia structural loops, and are used by Oxford Molecular's AbM antibody modeling software.

IMGT (ImMunoGeneTics) also provides a numbering system for the immunoglobulin variable regions, including the CDRs. See, e.g., Lefranc, M. P. et al., Dev. Comp. Immunol. 27: 55-77(2003), which is herein incorporated by reference. The IMGT numbering system was based on an alignment of more than 5,000 sequences, structural data, and characterization of hypervariable loops and allows for easy comparison of the variable and CDR regions for all species. According to the IMGT numbering schema VH-CDR1 is at positions 26 to 35, VH-CDR2 is at positions 51 to 57, VH-CDR3 is at positions 93 to 102, VL-CDR1 is at positions 27 to 32, VL-CDR2 is at positions 50 to 52, and VL-CDR3 is at positions 89 to 97.

For all heavy chain constant region amino acid positions discussed in the present disclosure, numbering is according to the EU index first described in Edelman et al., 1969, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 63(1):78-85, describing the amino acid sequence of myeloma protein EU, which is the first human IgG1 sequenced. The EU index of Edelman et al. is also set forth in Kabat et al., 1991, Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed., United States Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda. Thus, the phrases “EU index as set forth in Kabat” or “EU index of Kabat” and “position . . . according to the EU index as set forth in Kabat,” and grammatical variants thereof refer to the residue numbering system based on the human IgG1 EU antibody of Edelman et al., as set forth in Kabat 1991.

The numbering system used for the variable domains (both heavy chain and light chain) and light chain constant region amino acid sequence is that set forth in Kabat 1991.

Antibodies can be of any type (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA or IgY), any class (e.g., IgD, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, or IgA2), or any subclass (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 in humans, and IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3 in mice) of immunoglobulin molecule. Immunoglobulins, e.g., IgG1, exist in several allotypes, which differ from each other in at most a few amino acids. An antibody disclosed herein can be from any of the commonly known isotypes, classes, subclasses, or allotypes. In certain embodiments, the antibodies described herein are of the IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4 subclass or any hybrid thereof. In certain embodiments, the antibodies are of the human IgG1 subclass, human IgG2 subclass, or human IgG4 subclass.

“Antibody” includes, by way of example, both naturally occurring and non-naturally occurring antibodies; monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies; chimeric and humanized antibodies; human and non-human antibodies; wholly synthetic antibodies; single chain antibodies; monospecific antibodies; multispecific antibodies (including bispecific antibodies); tetrameric antibodies comprising two heavy chain and two light chain molecules; an antibody light chain monomer; an antibody heavy chain monomer; an antibody light chain dimer, an antibody heavy chain dimer; an antibody light chain-antibody heavy chain pair; intrabodies; heteroconjugate antibodies; monovalent antibodies; single chain antibodies; camelized antibodies; affybodies; anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies (including, e.g., anti-anti-Id antibodies), and single-domain antibodies (sdAbs), which include binding molecules consisting of a single monomeric variable antibody domain that are fully capable of antigen binding (e.g., a VH domain or a VL domain). Harmen M. M. and Haard H. J. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 77(1): 13-22 (2007)).

The terms “antigen-binding portion” and “antigen-binding fragment” of an antibody, as used herein, are interchangeable and refer to one or more fragments of an antibody that retain the ability to specifically bind to an antigen (e.g., human FAM19A5). Such “fragments” are, for example, between about 8 and about 1500 amino acids in length, suitably between about 8 and about 745 amino acids in length, suitably about 8 to about 300, for example about 8 to about 200 amino acids, or about 10 to about 50 or 100 amino acids in length. It has been shown that the antigen-binding function of an antibody can be performed by fragments of a full-length antibody. Examples of binding fragments encompassed within the term “antigen-binding portion” of an antibody, e.g., an anti-FAM19A5 antibody described herein, include (i) a Fab fragment, a monovalent fragment consisting of the VL, VH, CL, and CH1 domains; (ii) a F(ab′)2 fragment, a bivalent fragment comprising two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region; (iii) a Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CH1 domains; (iv) a Fv fragment consisting of the VL and VH domains of a single arm of an antibody, and disulfide-linked Fvs (sdFv) (v) a dAb fragment (Ward et al., (1989) Nature 341:544-546), which consists of a VH domain; and (vi) an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR) or (vii) a combination of two or more isolated CDRs which can optionally be joined by a synthetic linker. Furthermore, although the two domains of the Fv fragment, VL and VH, are coded for by separate genes, they can be joined, using recombinant methods, by a synthetic linker that enables them to be made as a single protein chain in which the VL and VH regions pair to form monovalent molecules (known as single chain Fv (scFv); see, e.g., Bird et al., (1988) Science 242:423-426; and Huston et al., (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:5879-5883). Such single chain antibodies are also intended to be encompassed within the term “antigen-binding portion” of an antibody. These antibody fragments are obtained using conventional techniques known to those with skill in the art, and the fragments are screened for utility in the same manner as are intact antibodies. Antigen-binding portions can be produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or by enzymatic or chemical cleavage of intact immunoglobulins.

As used herein, the terms “variable region” and “variable domain” are used interchangeably and are common in the art. The variable region typically refers to a portion of an antibody, generally, a portion of a light or heavy chain, typically about the amino-terminal 110 to 120 amino acids in the mature heavy chain and about 90 to 115 amino acids in the mature light chain, which differ extensively in sequence among antibodies and are used in the binding and specificity of a particular antibody for its particular antigen. The variability in sequence is concentrated in those regions called complementarity determining regions (CDRs) while the more highly conserved regions in the variable domain are called framework regions (FR).

Without wishing to be bound by any particular mechanism or theory, it is believed that the CDRs of the light and heavy chains are primarily responsible for the interaction and specificity of the antibody with antigen. In certain embodiments, the variable region is a human variable region. In certain embodiments, the variable region comprises rodent or murine CDRs and human framework regions (FRs). In particular embodiments, the variable region is a primate (e.g., non-human primate) variable region. In certain embodiments, the variable region comprises rodent or murine CDRs and primate (e.g., non-human primate) framework regions (FRs).

As used herein, the term “heavy chain” (HC) when used in reference to an antibody can refer to any distinct type, e.g., alpha (α), delta (δ), epsilon (ε), gamma (γ) and mu (μ), based on the amino acid sequence of the constant domain, which give rise to IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM classes of antibodies, respectively, including subclasses of IgG, e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4.

As used herein, the term “light chain” (LC) when used in reference to an antibody can refer to any distinct type, e.g., kappa (κ) or lambda (λ) based on the amino acid sequence of the constant domains. Light chain amino acid sequences are well known in the art. In specific embodiments, the light chain is a human light chain.

The terms “VL” and “VL domain” are used interchangeably to refer to the light chain variable region of an antibody.

The terms “VH” and “VH domain” are used interchangeably to refer to the heavy chain variable region of an antibody.

As used herein, the terms “constant region” and “constant domain” are interchangeable and have its meaning common in the art. The constant region is an antibody portion, e.g., a carboxyl terminal portion of a light and/or heavy chain which is not directly involved in binding of an antibody to antigen but which can exhibit various effector functions, such as interaction with the Fc receptor. The constant region of an immunoglobulin molecule generally has a more conserved amino acid sequence relative to an immunoglobulin variable domain.

An “Fc region” (fragment crystallizable region) or “Fc domain” or “Fc” refers to the C-terminal region of the heavy chain of an antibody that mediates the binding of the immunoglobulin to host tissues or factors, including binding to Fc receptors located on various cells of the immune system (e.g., effector cells) or to the first component (C1q) of the classical complement system. Thus, an Fc region comprises the constant region of an antibody excluding the first constant region immunoglobulin domain (e.g., CH1 or CL). In IgG, IgA and IgD antibody isotypes, the Fc region comprises two identical protein fragments, derived from the second (CH2) and third (CH3) constant domains of the antibody's two heavy chains; IgM and IgE Fc regions comprise three heavy chain constant domains (CH domains 2-4) in each polypeptide chain. For IgG, the Fc region comprises immunoglobulin domains Cγ₂ and Cγ3 and the hinge between Cγ1 and Cγ2. Although the boundaries of the Fc region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain might vary, the human IgG heavy chain Fc region is usually defined to stretch from an amino acid residue at position C226 or P230 (or amino acid between these two amino acids) to the carboxy-terminus of the heavy chain, wherein the numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat. The CH2 domain of a human IgG Fc region extends from about amino acid 231 to about amino acid 340, whereas the CH3 domain is positioned on C-terminal side of a Cm domain in an Fc region, i.e., it extends from about amino acid 341 to about amino acid 447 of an IgG. As used herein, the Fc region can be a native sequence Fc, including any allotypic variant, or a variant Fc (e.g., a non-naturally occurring Fc). Fc can also refer to this region in isolation or in the context of an Fc-comprising protein polypeptide such as a “binding protein comprising an Fc region,” also referred to as an “Fc fusion protein” (e.g., an antibody or immunoadhesin).

A “native sequence Fc region” or “native sequence Fc” comprises an amino acid sequence that is identical to the amino acid sequence of an Fc region found in nature. Native sequence human Fc regions include a native sequence human IgG1 Fc region; native sequence human IgG2 Fc region; native sequence human IgG3 Fc region; and native sequence human IgG4 Fc region as well as naturally occurring variants thereof. Native sequence Fc includes the various allotypes of Fcs (see, e.g., Jefferis et al. (2009) mAbs 1:1; Vidarsson G. et al. Front Immunol. 5:520 (published online Oct. 20, 2014)).

An “Fc receptor” or “FcR” is a receptor that binds to the Fc region of an immunoglobulin. FcRs that bind to an IgG antibody comprise receptors of the FcγR family, including allelic variants and alternatively spliced forms of these receptors. The FcγR family consists of three activating (FcγRI, FcγRIII, and FcγRIV in mice; FcγRIA, FcγRIIA, and FcγRIIIA in humans) and one inhibitory (FcγRIIB) receptor. Human IgG1 binds to most human Fc receptors and elicits the strongest Fc effector functions. It is considered equivalent to murine IgG2a with respect to the types of activating Fc receptors that it binds to. Conversely, human IgG4 elicits the least Fc effector functions. Vidarsson G. et al., Front Immunol. 5:520 (published online Oct. 20, 2014).

The constant region can be manipulated, e.g., by recombinant technology, to eliminate one or more effector functions. An “effector function” refers to the interaction of an antibody Fc region with an Fc receptor or ligand, or a biochemical event that results therefrom. Exemplary “effector functions” include C1q binding, complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), Fc receptor binding, FcγR-mediated effector functions such as ADCC and antibody dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP), and down regulation of a cell surface receptor (e.g., the B cell receptor; BCR). Such effector functions generally require the Fc region to be combined with a binding domain (e.g., an antibody variable domain). Accordingly, the term “a constant region without the Fc function” include constant regions with reduced or without one or more effector functions mediated by Fc region.

Effector functions of an antibody can be reduced or avoided by different approaches. Effector functions of an antibody can be reduced or avoided by using antibody fragments lacking the Fc region (e.g., such as a Fab, F(ab′)₂, single chain Fv (scFv), or a sdAb consisting of a monomeric VH or VL domain). Alternatively, the so-called aglycosylated antibodies can be generated by removing sugars that are linked to particular residues in the Fc region to reduce the effector functions of an antibody while retaining other valuable attributes of the Fc region (e.g., prolonged half-life and heterodimerization). Aglycosylated antibodies can be generated by, for example, deleting or altering the residue the sugar is attached to, removing the sugars enzymatically, producing the antibody in cells cultured in the presence of a glycosylation inhibitor, or by expressing the antibody in cells unable to glycosylate proteins (e.g., bacterial host cells). See, e.g., U.S. Pub. No. 20120100140. Another approach is to employ Fc regions from an IgG subclass that have reduced effector function, for example, IgG2 and IgG4 antibodies are characterized by having lower levels of Fc effector functions than IgG1 and IgG3. The residues most proximal to the hinge region in the CH2 domain of the Fc part are responsible for effector functions of antibodies as it contains a largely overlapping binding site for C1q (complement) and IgG-Fc receptors (FcγR) on effector cells of the innate immune system. Vidarsson G. et al., Front Immunol. 5:520 (published online Oct. 20, 2014). Accordingly, antibodies with reduced or without Fc effector functions can be prepared by generating, e.g., a chimeric Fc region which comprises a CH2 domain from an IgG antibody of the IgG4 isotype and a CH3 domain from an IgG antibody of the IgG1 isotype, or a chimeric Fc region which comprises hinge region from IgG2 and CH2 region from IgG4 (see, e.g., Lau C. et al., J. Immunol. 191:4769-4777 (2013)), or an Fc region with mutations that result in altered Fc effector functions, e.g., reduced or no Fc functions. Such Fc regions with mutations are known in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pub. No. 20120100140 and U.S. and PCT applications cited therein and An et al., mAbs 1:6, 572-579 (2009); the disclosure of which are incorporated by reference to their entirety.

A “hinge”, “hinge domain” or “hinge region” or “antibody hinge region” refers to the domain of a heavy chain constant region that joins the CH1 domain to the CH2 domain and includes the upper, middle, and lower portions of the hinge (Roux et al., J. Immunol. 1998 161:4083). The hinge provides varying levels of flexibility between the binding and effector regions of an antibody and also provides sites for intermolecular disulfide bonding between the two heavy chain constant regions. As used herein, a hinge starts at Glu216 and ends at Gly237 for all IgG isotypes (Roux et al., 1998 J Immunol 161:4083). The sequences of wild-type IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 hinges are known in the art. See, e.g., Kabat E A et al., (1991) Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242; Vidarsson G. et al., Front Immunol. 5:520 (published online Oct. 20, 2014).

The term “CH1 domain” refers to the heavy chain constant region linking the variable domain to the hinge in a heavy chain constant domain. As used herein, a CH1 domain starts at A118 and ends at V215. The term “CH1 domain” includes wildtype CH1 domains, as well as naturally existing variants thereof (e.g., allotypes). CH1 domain sequences of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 (including wildtype and allotypes) are known in the art. See, e.g., Kabat E A et al., (1991) supra and Vidarsson G. et al., Front Immunol. 5:520 (published online Oct. 20, 2014). Exemplary CH1 domains include CH1 domains with mutations that modify a biological activity of an antibody, e.g., half-life, e.g., described in U.S. Pub. No. 20120100140 and U.S. patents and publications and PCT publications cited therein.

The term “CH2 domain” refers to the heavy chain constant region linking the hinge to the CH3 domain in a heavy chain constant domain. As used herein, a CH2 domain starts at P238 and ends at K340. The term “CH2 domain” includes wildtype CH2 domains, as well as naturally existing variants thereof (e.g., allotypes). CH2 domain sequences of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 (including wildtype and allotypes) are known in the art. See, e.g., Kabat E A et al., (1991) supra and Vidarsson G. et al., Front Immunol. 5:520 (published online Oct. 20, 2014). Exemplary CH2 domains include CH2 domains with mutations that modify a biological activity of an antibody, e.g., half-life and/or reduced Fc effector function, e.g., described in U.S. Pub. No. 20120100140 and U.S. patents and publications and PCT publications cited therein.

The term “CH3 domain” refers to the heavy chain constant region that is C-terminal to the CH2 domain in a heavy chain constant domain. As used herein, a CH3 domain starts at G341 and ends at K447. The term “CH3 domain” includes wildtype CH3 domains, as well as naturally existing variants thereof (e.g., allotypes). CH3 domain sequences of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 (including wildtype and allotypes) are known in the art. See, e.g., Kabat E A et al., (1991) supra and Vidarsson G. et al., Front Immunol. 5:520 (published online Oct. 20, 2014). Exemplary CH3 domains include CH3 domains with mutations that modify a biological activity of an antibody, e.g., half-life, e.g., described in U.S. Pub. No. 20120100140 and U.S. patents and publications and PCT publications cited therein.

As used herein, “isotype” refers to the antibody class (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgM, IgA1, IgA2, IgD, and IgE antibody) that is encoded by the heavy chain constant region genes.

“Allotype” refers to naturally occurring variants within a specific isotype group, which variants differ in a few amino acids (see, e.g., Jefferis et al., (2009) mAbs 1:1). Antibodies described herein can be of any allotype. Allotypes of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 are known in the art. See, e.g., Kabat E A et al., (1991) supra; Vidarsson G. et al., Front Immunol. 5:520 (published online Oct. 20, 2014); and Lefranc M P, mAbs 1:4, 1-7 (2009).

The phrases “an antibody recognizing an antigen” and “an antibody specific for an antigen” are used interchangeably herein with the term “an antibody which binds specifically to an antigen.”

An “isolated antibody,” as used herein, is intended to refer to an antibody which is substantially free of other antibodies having different antigenic specificities (e.g., an isolated antibody that specifically binds to FAM19A5 is substantially free of antibodies that specifically bind antigens other than FAM19A5). An isolated antibody that specifically binds to an epitope of FAM19A5 can, however, have cross-reactivity to other FAM19A5 proteins from different species.

“Binding affinity” generally refers to the strength of the sum total of non-covalent interactions between a single binding site of a molecule (e.g., an antibody) and its binding partner (e.g., an antigen). Unless indicated otherwise, as used herein, “binding affinity” refers to intrinsic binding affinity which reflects a 1:1 interaction between members of a binding pair (e.g., antibody and antigen). The affinity of a molecule X for its partner Y can generally be represented by the dissociation constant (K_(D)). Affinity can be measured and/or expressed in a number of ways known in the art, including, but not limited to, equilibrium dissociation constant (K_(D)), and equilibrium association constant (K_(A)). The K_(D) is calculated from the quotient of k_(off)/k_(on) and is expressed as a molar concentration (M), whereas K_(A) is calculated from the quotient of k_(on)/k_(off). k_(on) refers to the association rate constant of, e.g., an antibody to an antigen, and k_(off) refers to the dissociation of, e.g., an antibody to an antigen. The k_(on) and k_(off) can be determined by techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art, such as immunoassays (e.g., enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)), BIACORE® or kinetic exclusion assay (KinExA).

As used herein, the terms “specifically binds,” “specifically recognizes,” “specific binding,” “selective binding,” and “selectively binds,” are analogous terms in the context of antibodies and refer to molecules (e.g., antibodies) that bind to an antigen (e.g., epitope or immune complex) as such binding is understood by one skilled in the art. For example, a molecule that specifically binds to an antigen can bind to other peptides or polypeptides, generally with lower affinity as determined by, e.g., immunoassays, BIACORE®, KinExA 3000 instrument (Sapidyne Instruments, Boise, ID), or other assays known in the art. In a specific embodiment, molecules that specifically bind to an antigen bind to the antigen with a K_(A) that is at least 2 logs, 2.5 logs, 3 logs, 4 logs or greater than the K_(A) when the molecules bind to another antigen.

Antibodies typically bind specifically to their cognate antigen with high affinity, reflected by a dissociation constant (K_(D)) of 10⁻⁵ to 10⁻¹¹ M or less. Any K_(D) greater than about 10⁻⁴ M is generally considered to indicate nonspecific binding. As used herein, an antibody that “binds specifically” to an antigen refers to an antibody that binds to the antigen and substantially identical antigens with high affinity, which means having a K_(D) of 10⁻⁷ M or less, preferably 10⁻⁸ M or less, even more preferably 10⁻⁹ M or less, and most preferably between 10⁻⁸ M and 10⁻¹⁰ M or less, when determined by, e.g., immunoassays (e.g., ELISA) or surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology in a BIACORE 2000 instrument using the predetermined antigen, but does not bind with high affinity to unrelated antigens.

As used herein, the term “antigen” refers to any natural or synthetic immunogenic substance, such as a protein, peptide, or hapten. An antigen can be FAM19A5 or a fragment thereof.

As used herein, an “epitope” is a term in the art and refers to a localized region of an antigen to which an antibody can specifically bind. An epitope can be, for example, contiguous amino acids of a polypeptide (linear or contiguous epitope) or an epitope can, for example, come together from two or more non-contiguous regions of a polypeptide or polypeptides (conformational, non-linear, discontinuous, or non-contiguous epitope). Epitopes formed from contiguous amino acids are typically, but not always, retained on exposure to denaturing solvents, whereas epitopes formed by tertiary folding are typically lost on treatment with denaturing solvents. An epitope typically includes at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 20 amino acids in a unique spatial conformation. Methods for determining what epitopes are bound by a given antibody (i.e., epitope mapping) are well known in the art and include, for example, immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation assays, wherein overlapping or contiguous peptides from (e.g., from FMAM19A5) are tested for reactivity with a given antibody (e.g., anti-FAM19A5 antibody). Methods of determining spatial conformation of epitopes include techniques in the art and those described herein, for example, x-ray crystallography, 2-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance and HDX-MS (see, e.g., Epitope Mapping Protocols in Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 66, G. E. Morris, Ed. (1996)).

In certain embodiments, the epitope to which an antibody binds can be determined by, e.g., NMR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction crystallography studies, ELISA assays, hydrogen/deuterium exchange coupled with mass spectrometry (e.g., liquid chromatography electrospray mass spectrometry), array-based oligo-peptide scanning assays, and/or mutagenesis mapping (e.g., site-directed mutagenesis mapping). For X-ray crystallography, crystallization can be accomplished using any of the known methods in the art (e.g., Giege R et al., (1994) Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 50(Pt 4): 339-350; McPherson A (1990) Eur J Biochem 189: 1-23; Chayen N E (1997) Structure 5: 1269-1274; McPherson A (1976) J Biol Chem 251: 6300-6303). Antibody:antigen crystals can be studied using well known X-ray diffraction techniques and can be refined using computer software such as X-PLOR (Yale University, 1992, distributed by Molecular Simulations, Inc.; see, e.g., Meth Enzymol (1985) volumes 114 & 115, eds Wyckoff H W et al.; U.S. 2004/0014194), and BUSTER (Bricogne G (1993) Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 49(Pt 1): 37-60; Bricogne G (1997) Meth Enzymol 276A: 361-423, ed Carter C W; Roversi P et al., (2000) Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 56(Pt 10): 1316-1323). Mutagenesis mapping studies can be accomplished using any method known to one of skill in the art. See, e.g., Champe M et al., (1995) J Biol Chem 270: 1388-1394 and Cunningham B C & Wells J A (1989) Science 244: 1081-1085 for a description of mutagenesis techniques, including alanine scanning mutagenesis techniques.

The term “epitope mapping” refers to the process of identification of the molecular determinants for antibody-antigen recognition.

The term “binds to the same epitope” with reference to two or more antibodies means that the antibodies bind to the same segment of amino acid residues, as determined by a given method. Techniques for determining whether antibodies bind to the “same epitope on FAM19A5” with the antibodies described herein include, for example, epitope mapping methods, such as, x-ray analyses of crystals of antigen:antibody complexes which provides atomic resolution of the epitope and hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS). Other methods monitor the binding of the antibody to antigen fragments or mutated variations of the antigen where loss of binding due to a modification of an amino acid residue within the antigen sequence is often considered an indication of an epitope component. In addition, computational combinatorial methods for epitope mapping can also be used. These methods rely on the ability of the antibody of interest to affinity isolate specific short peptides from combinatorial phage display peptide libraries. Antibodies having the same VH and VL or the same CDR1, 2 and 3 sequences are expected to bind to the same epitope.

Antibodies that “compete with another antibody for binding to a target” refer to antibodies that inhibit (partially or completely) the binding of the other antibody to the target. Whether two antibodies compete with each other for binding to a target, i.e., whether and to what extent one antibody inhibits the binding of the other antibody to a target, can be determined using known competition experiments. In certain embodiments, an antibody competes with, and inhibits binding of another antibody to a target by at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 100%. The level of inhibition or competition can be different depending on which antibody is the “blocking antibody” (i.e., the cold antibody that is incubated first with the target). Competition assays can be conducted as described, for example, in Ed Harlow and David Lane, Cold Spring Harb Protoc; 2006; doi: 10.1101/pdb.prot4277 or in Chapter 11 of “Using Antibodies” by Ed Harlow and David Lane, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA 1999. Competing antibodies bind to the same epitope, an overlapping epitope or to adjacent epitopes (e.g., as evidenced by steric hindrance).

Other competitive binding assays include: solid phase direct or indirect radioimmunoassay (RIA), solid phase direct or indirect enzyme immunoassay (EIA), sandwich competition assay (see Stahli et al., Methods in Enzymology 9:242 (1983)); solid phase direct biotin-avidin EIA (see Kirkland et al., J. Immunol. 137:3614 (1986)); solid phase direct labeled assay, solid phase direct labeled sandwich assay (see Harlow and Lane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Press (1988)); solid phase direct label RIA using 1-125 label (see Morel et al., Mol. Immunol. 25(1):7 (1988)); solid phase direct biotin-avidin EIA (Cheung et al., Virology 176:546 (1990)); and direct labeled RIA. (Moldenhauer et al., Scand. J. Immunol. 32:77 (1990)).

A “bispecific” or “bifunctional antibody” is an artificial hybrid antibody having two different heavy/light chain pairs and two different binding sites. Bispecific antibodies can be produced by a variety of methods including fusion of hybridomas or linking of Fab′ fragments. See, e.g., Songsivilai & Lachmann, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 79:315-321 (1990); Kostelny et al., J. Immunol. 148, 1547-1553 (1992).

The term “monoclonal antibody,” as used herein, refers to an antibody that displays a single binding specificity and affinity for a particular epitope or a composition of antibodies in which all antibodies display a single binding specificity and affinity for a particular epitope. Accordingly, the term “human monoclonal antibody” refers to an antibody or antibody composition that display(s) a single binding specificity and which has variable and optional constant regions derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences. In some embodiments, human monoclonal antibodies are produced by a hybridoma which includes a B cell obtained from a transgenic non-human animal, e.g., a transgenic mouse, having a genome comprising a human heavy chain transgene and a light chain transgene fused to an immortalized cell.

The term “recombinant human antibody,” as used herein, includes all human antibodies that are prepared, expressed, created or isolated by recombinant means, such as (a) antibodies isolated from an animal (e.g., a mouse) that is transgenic or transchromosomal for human immunoglobulin genes or a hybridoma prepared therefrom, (b) antibodies isolated from a host cell transformed to express the antibody, e.g., from a transfectoma, (c) antibodies isolated from a recombinant, combinatorial human antibody library, and (d) antibodies prepared, expressed, created or isolated by any other means that involve splicing of human immunoglobulin gene sequences to other DNA sequences. Such recombinant human antibodies comprise variable and constant regions that utilize particular human germline immunoglobulin sequences are encoded by the germline genes, but include subsequent rearrangements and mutations which occur, for example, during antibody maturation. As known in the art (see, e.g., Lonberg (2005) Nature Biotech. 23(9): 1117-1125), the variable region contains the antigen binding domain, which is encoded by various genes that rearrange to form an antibody specific for a foreign antigen. In addition to rearrangement, the variable region can be further modified by multiple single amino acid changes (referred to as somatic mutation or hypermutation) to increase the affinity of the antibody to the foreign antigen. The constant region will change in further response to an antigen (i.e., isotype switch). Therefore, the rearranged and somatically mutated nucleic acid molecules that encode the light chain and heavy chain immunoglobulin polypeptides in response to an antigen cannot have sequence identity with the original nucleic acid molecules, but instead will be substantially identical or similar (i.e., have at least 80% identity).

A “human” antibody (HuMAb) refers to an antibody having variable regions in which both the framework and CDR regions are derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences. Furthermore, if the antibody contains a constant region, the constant region also is derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences. The antibodies described herein can include amino acid residues not encoded by human germline immunoglobulin sequences (e.g., mutations introduced by random or site-specific mutagenesis in vitro or by somatic mutation in vivo). However, the term “human antibody”, as used herein, is not intended to include antibodies in which CDR sequences derived from the germline of another mammalian species, such as a mouse, have been grafted onto human framework sequences. The terms “human” antibodies and “fully human” antibodies are used synonymously.

A “humanized” antibody refers to an antibody in which some, most or all of the amino acids outside the CDR domains of a non-human antibody are replaced with corresponding amino acids derived from human immunoglobulins. In some embodiments of a humanized form of an antibody, some, most or all of the amino acids outside the CDR domains have been replaced with amino acids from human immunoglobulins, whereas some, most or all amino acids within one or more CDR regions are unchanged. Small additions, deletions, insertions, substitutions or modifications of amino acids are permissible as long as they do not abrogate the ability of the antibody to bind to a particular antigen. A “humanized” antibody retains an antigenic specificity similar to that of the original antibody.

A “chimeric antibody” refers to an antibody in which the variable regions are derived from one species and the constant regions are derived from another species, such as an antibody in which the variable regions are derived from a mouse antibody and the constant regions are derived from a human antibody.

The term “cross-reacts,” as used herein, refers to the ability of an antibody described herein to bind to FAM19A5 from a different species. For example, an antibody described herein that binds human FAM19A5 can also bind another species of FAM19A5 (e.g., mouse FAM19A5). As used herein, cross-reactivity can be measured by detecting a specific reactivity with purified antigen in binding assays (e.g., SPR, ELISA) or binding to, or otherwise functionally interacting with, cells physiologically expressing FAM19A5. Methods for determining cross-reactivity include standard binding assays as described herein, for example, by BIACORE™ surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis using a BIACORE™ 2000 SPR instrument (Biacore AB, Uppsala, Sweden), or flow cytometric techniques.

The term “naturally-occurring,” as applied to an object herein, refers to the fact that an object can be found in nature. For example, a polypeptide or polynucleotide sequence that is present in an organism (including viruses) that can be isolated from a source in nature and which has not been intentionally modified by man in the laboratory is naturally-occurring.

A “polypeptide” refers to a chain comprising at least two consecutively linked amino acid residues, with no upper limit on the length of the chain. One or more amino acid residues in the protein can contain a modification such as, but not limited to, glycosylation, phosphorylation or disulfide bond formation. A “protein” can comprise one or more polypeptides.

The term “nucleic acid molecule,” as used herein, is intended to include DNA molecules and RNA molecules. A nucleic acid molecule can be single-stranded or double-stranded, and can be cDNA.

The term “vector,” as used herein, is intended to refer to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked. One type of vector is a “plasmid,” which refers to a circular double stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments can be ligated. Another type of vector is a viral vector, wherein additional DNA segments can be ligated into the viral genome. Certain vectors are capable of autonomous replication in a host cell into which they are introduced (e.g., bacterial vectors having a bacterial origin of replication and episomal mammalian vectors). Other vectors (e.g., non-episomal mammalian vectors) can be integrated into the genome of a host cell upon introduction into the host cell, and thereby are replicated along with the host genome. Moreover, certain vectors are capable of directing the expression of genes to which they are operatively linked. Such vectors are referred to herein as “recombinant expression vectors” (or simply, “expression vectors”) In general, expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are often in the form of plasmids. In the present specification, “plasmid” and “vector” can be used interchangeably as the plasmid is the most commonly used form of vector. However, also included are other forms of expression vectors, such as viral vectors (e.g., replication defective retroviruses, adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses), which serve equivalent functions.

The term “recombinant host cell” (or simply “host cell”), as used herein, is intended to refer to a cell that comprises a nucleic acid that is not naturally present in the cell, and can be a cell into which a recombinant expression vector has been introduced. It should be understood that such terms are intended to refer not only to the particular subject cell but to the progeny of such a cell. Because certain modifications can occur in succeeding generations due to either mutation or environmental influences, such progeny cannot, in fact, be identical to the parent cell, but are still included within the scope of the term “host cell” as used herein.

As used herein, the term “linked” refers to the association of two or more molecules. The linkage can be covalent or non-covalent. The linkage also can be genetic (i.e., recombinantly fused). Such linkages can be achieved using a wide variety of art recognized techniques, such as chemical conjugation and recombinant protein production.

II. Methods for Treating Neuropathic Pain

Disclosed herein are methods for treating a neuropathic pain in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an antagonist (e.g., isolated monoclonal antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof) that specifically binds to FAM19A5. In some embodiments, the neuropathic pain is a central neuropathic pain, i.e., a pain due to injury or damage affecting any level of the CNS (e.g., brain injury and spinal cord injury), including the central somatosensory nervous system, or associated with or as a result of a disease or disorder such as stoke, multiple sclerosis, or lateral medullary infarction. In some embodiments, the central neuropathic pain can be spontaneous or stimulus-evoked. In some embodiments, the central neuropathic pain can involve dynamic mechanical allodynia and cold allodynia. Symptoms of central neuropathic pain include, for example, sensations such as burning, pricking, shooting, squeezing, painful cold, paresthesia and dysesthesia are common (e.g., tingling, pins and needles, cold, and pressing sensations). Distribution of central neuropathic pain includes areas ranging from a small area to large areas, e.g., in the periorbital area, or covering half the body in stroke or the lower body in spinal cord injury, or involving one side of the face and the contralateral side of the body or limbs. Central neuropathic pain due to in spinal cord injury includes “at-level” pain, which is pain perceived in a segmental pattern at the level of injury, and “below-level” pain, which is pain felt below the injury level. In some embodiments, the method lessens, reverses, alleviates, ameliorates, inhibits, or slows down or prevents a central neuropathic pain, a symptom associated with the pain, an underlining cause of the pain, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the neuropathic pain is a peripheral neuropathic pain, a pain due to injury or damage affecting any level of the peripheral nerves system (e.g., injury of a motor nerve, a sensory nerve, an autonomic nerve, or a combination thereof), or resulting from or associated with a disease or disorder. Injury or damage of a motor nerve is associated with symptoms such as muscle weakness (e.g., weakness of a muscle in the back, leg, hip, or face), painful cramps and fasciculations (uncontrolled muscle twitching visible under the skin), muscle atrophy (severe shrinkage of muscle size), and decreased reflexes. Injury or damage of a sensory nerve damage results in a variety of symptoms including pain and an over sensitization of pain receptors in the skin, leading to allodynia (e.g., severe pain from stimuli that are normally painless).

In some embodiments, the method treats one or more types of neuropathic pain comprising administering a FAM19A5 antagonist (e.g., anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof) to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, a neuropathic pain that can be treated with a method disclosed herein is a neuralgia, which includes, without limitation, a trigeminal neuralgia (TN) (e.g., a pain within the facial or intraoral trigeminal territory), an atypical trigeminal neuralgia (ATN), an occipital neuralgia, a postherpetic neuralgia (e.g., a pain unilateral distributed in one or more spinal dermatomes or the trigeminal ophthalmic division), a peripheral nerve injury pain (e.g., a pain in the innervation territory of the lesioned nerve, typically distal to a trauma, surgery, or compression), a glossopharyngeal neuralgia (e.g., an irritation of the ninth cranial nerve causing extreme pain in the back of the throat, tongue and ear), a sciatica, a low back pain, and an atypical facial pain. In some embodiments, the neuralgia results from or is associated with chemical irritation, inflammation, trauma (including surgery), a compression of a nerve, e.g., by nearby structures (for instance, tumors), or an infection. In some embodiments, the neuropathic pain is a deafferentation pain syndrome, which includes, without limitation, an injury to the brain or spinal cord, a post-stroke pain, a phantom pain, a paraplegia, a brachial plexus avulsion injuries, lumbar radiculopathies. In some embodiments, the neuropathic pain is a Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS), including CRPS1 and CRPS 2. A CRPS includes, without limitation, In some embodiments, symptoms associated with a CRPS can include severe pain, changes in the nails, bone, and skin; and an increased sensitivity to touch in the affected limb. In some embodiments, the neuropathic pain is a neuropathy (e.g., central or peripheral). Non-limiting examples of neuropathy pain include, for example, mononeuropathic pain (mononeuropathy) and polyneuropathic pain (polyneuropathy).

In some embodiments, the neuropathic pain results from or is associated with a physical injury, including, for example, (1) a traumatic injury or damage including a nerve compression (e.g., a nerve crush, a nerve stretch, a nerve entrapment or an incomplete nerve transsection); (2) a spinal cord injury (e.g., a hemisection of the spinal cord); (3) an injury or damage to a peripheral nerve (e.g., a motor nerve, sensory nerve, or autonomic nerve, or a combination thereof.), (4) a limb amputation; a contusion; an inflammation (e.g., an inflammation of the spinal cord); or a surgical procedure; and (5) repetitive stress, including, for example, repetitive, awkward, and/or forceful activities that require movement of any group of joints for prolonged periods (e.g., ulnar neuropathy and carpal tunnel syndrome). In some embodiments, the method treats a neuropathic pain that results from or is associated with an exposure to a toxic agent.

In some embodiments, the neuropathic pain results from or is associated with one or more one or more diseases or disorders, including, for example, (1) an ischemic event (e.g., a stroke or a heart attack), (2) multiple sclerosis, (3) a metabolic and/or endocrine disease or disorder (e.g., diabetes mellitus, metabolic disease, and acromegaly, a condition caused by overproduction of growth hormone and is characterized by the abnormal enlargement of parts of the skeleton, including the joints, leading to nerve entrapment and pain.), (4) a small vessel disease that causes decreased oxygen supply to the peripheral nerves leading to nerve tissue damage (e.g., vasculitis, namely blood vessel inflammation), (5) an autoimmune disease (e.g., Sjogren's syndrome, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and acute inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy, also known as Guillain-Barré syndrome), (6) a kidney disorder, (7) a cancer or tumor (e.g., a neoplastic tumor, neuromas, paraneoplastic syndromes, and toxicity from the chemotherapeutic agents and radiation in cancer treatment), (8) an infection (e.g., an infection by a virus such as herpes varicellazoster (shingles), Epstein-Barr virus, West Nile virus, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus, AIDS, or an infection by bacteria such as Lyme disease, diphtheria, and leprosy), (9) an inflammatory disorder, (10) a peripheral nerve disorder (e.g., neuroma), (11) a genetic disorder, either hereditary or arise de novo (e.g., Charcot-Marie-Tooth disorders), (12) a mononeuropathy, (13) a polyneuropathy, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the neuropathic pain results from or is associated with diabetes mellitus (type I or type II). In some embodiments, the neuropathic pain is diabetes peripheral neuropathy.

In some embodiments, the neuropathic pain results from or is associated with an exposure to an infectious agent including, for example, tick-borne infection, herpes varicellazoster, Epstein-Barr virus, West Nile virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex viruses, AIDS, or to a toxic agent (e.g., a drug, an alcohol, a heavy metal (e.g., lead, arsenic, mercury), or to an industrial agent (e.g., a solvent, fumes from a glue) and nitrous oxide).

In some embodiments, the neuropathic pain results from or is associated with a physical injury, an infection, diabetes, cancer therapy, alcoholism, amputation, multiple sclerosis, shingles, spine surgery, sciatica (pain along the sciatic nerve), a low back pain, a neuralgia such as trigeminal neuralgia (e.g., pain within the facial or intraoral trigeminal territory), neuropathy pain such as painful polyneuropathy (e.g., pain in feet, may extend to involve lower legs, thighs, and hands), or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the neuropathic pain is trigeminal neuralgia. In some embodiments, the neuropathic pain is associated weakness of a muscle in the back, leg, hip, or face. In some embodiments, the neuropathic pain is caused by a compression of a nerve, e.g., a nerve in the leg, foot, hip or a nerve in the facial muscle. In some embodiments, the neuropathic pain comprises a sciatic nerve injury. In some embodiments, the neuropathic pain is sciatica.

In some embodiments, the method of the present disclosure can reverse, alleviate, ameliorate, inhibit, slow down, or prevent one or more symptoms associated with a neuropathic pain. Accordingly, in one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for improving hyperalgesia in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an antagonist against FAM19A5. As used herein, the term “hyperalgesia” refers to an increased or accentuated response to a painful stimulus (e.g., pin prick or hot plate). In some embodiments, the hyperalgesia is directed to a mechanical stimuli, such as a pin prick (mechanical hyperalgesia). In other embodiments, the hyperalgesia is directed to a thermal stimuli, such as a hot plate (thermal hyperalgesia). In some embodiments, the subject in need thereof has a chronic constrictive injury (e.g., sciatica). In some embodiments, the subject in need thereof has diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

In some embodiments, administering the FAM19A5 antagonist to a subject in need thereof, allows the subject to have a higher threshold to a mechanical stimuli compared to a reference control (e.g., neuropathic pain subject who did not receive the FAM19A5 antagonist). As used herein, the term “threshold to a mechanical stimuli” refers to the amount of pressure (from the mechanical stimuli) before a subject responds to the stimuli (e.g., by pulling away). Accordingly, a subject with higher threshold can withstand or resist much greater amount of mechanical stimulation compared to a subject with a lower threshold. In some embodiments, the method disclosed herein can increase a subject's threshold to a mechanical stimuli by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 150%, or at least 200% compared to reference control (e.g., the subject's threshold prior to administration of the FAM19A5 antagonist).

In some embodiments, administering the FAM19A5 antagonist to a subject in need thereof, increases the latency (i.e., time interval between the stimulation and the response) of the subject to a thermal stimuli (e.g., hot plate) compared to a reference control (e.g., neuropathic pain subject who did not receive the FAM19A5 antagonist). In some embodiments, the method disclosed herein can increase a subject's latency to a thermal stimuli by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 150%, or at least 200% compared to reference control (e.g., the subject's threshold prior to administration of the FAM19A5 antagonist).

In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for improving a sensory nerve conduction velocity in a subject in need thereof. As used herein, the term “sensory nerve conduction velocity” (SNCV) refers to the rate at which an electrical signal travels through a peripheral nerve. Healthy nerves send electrical signals more quickly and with greater strength than damaged nerves. See Chouhan S., J Clin Diagn Res 10(1):CC01-3 (2016). Therefore, tests that help measure SNCV (e.g., sensory nerve conduction velocity test) can be useful in identifying potential nerve damage and/or dysfunction in a subject. In some embodiments, the method disclosed herein can increase a neuropathic pain subject's SNCV by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 150%, or at least 200% compared to reference control (e.g., the subject's threshold prior to administration of the FAM19A5 antagonist).

Animal models exists for studying neuropathic pain. Non-limiting examples of such animal models include (1) the spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model, where one or more spinal nerves going to the foot are ligated and cut (see Kim S H and Chung J M., Pain 50:355-363 (1992)); (2) the partial sciatic ligation (PSL) model, where a portion of the sciatic nerve is tightly ligated (see Seltzer et al., Pain 43:205-218 (1990)); (3) the chronic constriction injury (CCI) model, which involves the placement of four loose chromic-gut ligatures on the sciatic nerve, and an immune response to the sutures leads to nerve swelling and nerve constriction (see, e.g., Example 6); (4) the spared nerve injury (SNI) model, where the common peroneal and tibial nerves are cut, sparing the sural nerve (see Decosterd I. and Woolf C. J., Pain 87:149-158 (2000)); and (5) streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, where an injection of STZ leads to pancreas swell and degeneration in Langerhans islet beta cells, resulting in experimental diabetes mellitus in the rat. (see, e.g., Example 8; Akbarzadeh A. et al., Indian J. Clin. Biochem. 22(2): 60-64 (2007)). These models lead to hyperalgesia in the animal, which is manifested by enhanced responses to mechanical and/or thermal stimuli.

Test for mechanical hyperalgesia in animals includes the Von Frey test, where Von Frey monofilaments with different bending forces are applied to the plantar surface of the foot. The threshold for paw withdrawal decreases dramatically after the nerve injury. Li et al., Pain 85:493-502 (2000); see also Example 6. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the method disclosed herein can increase the threshold for paw withdrawal in a neuropathic pain animal model (e.g., chronic constriction injury model).

Test for thermal (heat) hyperalgesia can involve using a radiant heat source (e.g., hot plate) focused onto the plantar surface of the foot, and the reaction time for paw withdrawal is measured. After a nerve injury, the withdrawal of the foot is faster than prior to the injury. Kim S H and Chung J M. Pain 50:355-363 (1992); see also Example 8. In some embodiments, the method disclosed herein can increase the paw withdrawal latency in a neuropathic pain animal model (e.g., diabetic peripheral neuropathy model).

In some embodiments, the subject being treated in the method of the present disclosure is a nonhuman animal, such as a rat or a mouse. In some embodiments, the subject being treated in the method is a human.

In some embodiments, a FAM19A5 antagonist (e.g., anti-FAM19A5 antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof), a bispecific molecule, or an immunoconjugate, or a composition thereof disclosed herein is administered intravenously, orally, parenterally, intrathecally, intra-cerebroventricularly, pulmonarily, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, intravitreally, or intraventricularly.

In some embodiments, a FAM19A5 antagonist, or a composition thereof, can be administered in combination with one or more additional agents for treating a neuropathic pain. For example, non-limiting exemplary agents for treating a neuropathic pain include Venlafaxine (EFFEXOR), antiepileptic medications such as carbamazepine (CARBATROL®, TEGRETOL®, approved by the FDA for relieving the pain of trigeminal neuralgia), Gabapentin (NEUIRONTIN®, GRALISE®, approved for the management of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN): pain that lasts one to three months after shingles has healed), and Pregabalin (LYRICA®, approved for PHN, painful diabetic neuropathic pain, and fibromyalgia), sodium channel blocking agent such as lidocaine, adrenergic drugs such as clonidine, phentolamine, phenoxybenzamine, reserpine, dexmedetomidine, opioids such as morphine, and antidepressants such as amitriptyline, imipramine, and duloxetine.

Dose and administration of the one or more additional therapeutic drugs are known in the art, e.g., as instructed by the product label of the respective drug.

III. FAM19A5 Antagonists

One or more FAM19A5 antagonists can be used to treat a neuropathic pain. In some embodiments, the FAM19A5 antagonist is an antisense oligonucleotide, siRNA, shRNA, miRNA, dsRNA, aptamer, PNA (peptide nucleic acid) that specifically targets FAM19A5, or a vector including the same. In other embodiments, the FAM19A5 antagonist is an antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, that specifically binds to the FAM19A5 protein, a polynucleotide encoding the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, or a vector comprising the polynucleotide thereof.

Antibodies that are useful in the methods disclosed herein include monoclonal antibodies, which are characterized by particular functional features or properties. For example, the antibodies specifically bind human FAM19A5, including soluble FAM19A5 and membrane bound FAM19A5. In addition to binding specifically to soluble and/or membrane bound human FAM19A5, the antibodies described herein also (a) binds to soluble human FAM19A5 with a K_(D) of 10 nM or less; (b) binds to membrane bound human FAM19A5 with a K_(D) of 10 nM or less; or both (a) and (b).

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, specifically binds to soluble human FAM19A5 or membrane-bound human with high affinity, for example, with a K_(D) of 10⁻⁷ M or less, 10⁻⁸ M or less, 10⁻⁹M (1 nM) or less, 10⁻¹⁰ M (0.1 nM) or less, 10⁻¹¹ M or less, or 10⁻¹² M or less, e.g., 10⁻¹² M to 10⁻⁷ M, 10⁻¹¹ M to 10⁻⁷ M, 10⁻¹⁰ M to 10⁻⁷ M, or 10⁻⁹ M to 10⁻⁷ M, e.g., 10⁻¹² M, 5×10⁻¹² M, 10⁻¹¹ M, 5×10⁻¹¹ M, 10⁻¹⁰ M, 5×10⁻¹⁰ M, 10⁻⁹ M, 5×10⁻⁹ M, 10⁻⁸ M, 5×10⁻⁸ M, 10⁻⁷ M, or 5×10⁻⁷ M. Standard assays to evaluate the binding ability of the antibody toward human FAM19A5 of various species are known in the art, including for example, ELISAs, Western blots, and RIAs. Suitable assays are described in detail in the Examples. The binding kinetics (e.g., binding affinity) of the antibodies also can be assessed by standard assays known in the art, such as by ELISA, BIACORE™ analysis or KINEXA®. Assays to evaluate the effects of the antibodies on functional properties of FAM19A5 (e.g., ligand binding) are described in further detail infra and in the Examples.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, binds to soluble human FAM19A5 with a K_(D), e.g., as determined by ELISA, of 10⁻⁷ M or less, 10⁻⁸ M (10 nM) or less, 10⁻⁹ M (1 nM) or less, 10⁻¹⁰ M or less, 10⁻¹² M to 10⁻⁷ M, 10⁻¹¹ M to 10⁻⁷ M, 10⁻¹⁰ M to 10⁻⁷ M, 10⁻⁹ M to 10⁻⁷ M, or 10⁻⁸ M to 10⁻⁷ M. In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof binds to soluble FAM19A5 with a K_(D) of 10 nM or less, e.g., between 0.1 and 10 nM, between 0.1 and 5 nM, between 0.1 and 1 nM, between 0.5 and 10 nM, between 0.5 and 5 nM, between 0.5 and 1 nM, between 1 and 10 nM, between 1 and 5 nM, or between 5 and 10 nM. In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof specifically binds to soluble human FAM19A5 with a K_(D) of about 1 pM, 2 pM, 3 pM, 4 pM, 5 pM, 6 pM, 7 pM, 8 pM, 9 pM, 10 pM, 20 pM, 30 pM, 40 pM, 50 pM, 60 pM, 70 pM, 80 pM, 90 pM, 100 pM, 200 pM, 300 pM, 400 pM, 500 pM, 600 pM, 700 pM, 800 pM, or 900 pM, or about 1 nM, 2 nM, 3 nM, 4 nM, 5 nM, 6 nM, 7 nM, 8 nM, or 9 nM, or about 10 nM, 20 nM, 30 nM, 40 nM, 50 nM, 60 nM, 70 nM, 80 nM, or 90 nM, as determined by as determined by ELISA.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, binds to membrane-bound human with a K_(D), e.g., as determined by ELISA, of 10⁻⁷ M or less, 10⁻⁸ M (10 nM) or less, 10⁻⁹ M (1 nM) or less, 10⁻¹⁰ M or less, 10⁻¹² M to 10⁻⁷ M, 10⁻¹¹ M to 10⁻⁷ M, 10⁻¹⁰ M to 10⁻⁷ M, 10⁻⁹ M to 10⁻⁷ M, or 10⁻⁸ M to 10⁻⁷ M. In certain embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof specifically binds to membrane-bound human FAM19A5 with a K_(D) of 10 nM or less as determined by ELISA, e.g., between 0.1 and 10 nM, between 0.1 and 5 nM, between 0.1 and 1 nM, between 0.5 and 10 nM, between 0.5 and 5 nM, between 0.5 and 1 nM, between 1 and 10 nM, between 1 and 5 nM, or between 5 and 10 nM. In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof binds to membrane-bound human FAM19A5 with a K_(D) of about 1 pM, 2 pM, 3 pM, 4 pM, 5 pM, 6 pM, 7 pM, 8 pM, 9 pM, 10 pM, 20 pM, 30 pM, 40 pM, 50 pM, 60 pM, 70 pM, 80 pM, 90 pM, 100 pM, 200 pM, 300 pM, 400 pM, 500 pM, 600 pM, 700 pM, 800 pM, or 900 pM, or about 1 nM, 2 nM, 3 nM, 4 nM, 5 nM, 6 nM, 7 nM, 8 nM, or 9 nM, or about 10 nM, 20 nM, 30 nM, 40 nM, 50 nM, 60 nM, 70 nM, 80 nM, or 90 nM, as determined by as determined by ELISA.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, suitable for the methods disclosed herewith cross-competes for binding to (or inhibits binding of) a human FAM19A5 epitope with an anti-FAM19A5 antibody comprising CDRs or variable regions disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, anti-FAM19A5 antibodies or antigen binding portions thereof inhibit binding of a reference antibody comprising heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3, and light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3, (i) wherein the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of the reference antibody comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, and SEQ ID NO: 13, respectively, and light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of the reference antibody comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 24, and SEQ ID NO: 25, respectively; (ii) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15, and the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28; (iii) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18, and the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31; (iv) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21, the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34; (v) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 89, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 90, the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 91, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 92, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 94; (vi) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 95, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 96, the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 97, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 98, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 99, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 100; (vii) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 101, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 102, the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 103, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 104, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 105, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 106; (viii) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 107, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 108, the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 109, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 110, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 111, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 112; (ix) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 113, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 114, the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 115, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 116, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 117, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 118; (x) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 119, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 120, the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 121, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 122, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 123, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 124; (xi) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 125, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 126, the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 127, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 128, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 129, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 130; (xii) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 131, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 132, the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 133, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 134, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 135, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 136; (xiii) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 137, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 138, the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 139, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 140, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 141, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 142; (xiv) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 143, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 144, the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 145, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 146, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 147, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 148; or (xv) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 149, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 150, the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 151, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 153, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 154. In some embodiments, the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of the reference antibody comprise a CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequence as set forth in Table 2, respectively, and the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of the reference antibody comprise a CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequence as set forth in Table 3, respectively.

In some embodiments, the reference antibody comprises (a) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising SEQ ID NOs: 35 and 39, respectively; (b) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising SEQ ID NOs: 36 and 40, respectively; (c) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising SEQ ID NOs: 37 and 41, respectively; (d) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising SEQ ID NOs: 38 and 42, respectively; (e) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising SEQ ID NOs: 155 and 166, respectively; (f) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising SEQ ID NOs: 156 and 167, respectively; (g) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising SEQ ID NOs: 157 and 168, respectively; (h) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising SEQ ID NOs: 158 and 169, respectively; (i) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising SEQ ID NOs: 159 and 170, respectively; (j) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising SEQ ID NOs: 160 and 171, respectively; (k) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising SEQ ID NOs: 161 and 172, respectively; (l) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising SEQ ID NOs: 162 and 173, respectively; (m) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising SEQ ID NOs: 163 and 174, respectively; (n) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising SEQ ID NOs: 164 and 175, respectively; or (o) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising SEQ ID NOs: 165 and 176, respectively. In some embodiments, the reference antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) and a light chain variable region (VL), wherein the VH comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in Table 4, and the VL comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in Table 5.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, inhibits binding of such a reference antibody to human FAM19A5 by at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or by 100%. Competing antibodies bind to the same epitope, an overlapping epitope or to adjacent epitopes (e.g., as evidenced by steric hindrance). Whether two antibodies compete with each other for binding to a target can be determined using competition experiments known in the art such as RIA and EIA.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or antigen binding portions thereof, binds to the same FAM19A5 epitope as a reference antibody disclosed herein comprising heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 and light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3, (i) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, and the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25; (ii) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15, and the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28; (iii) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18, and the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31; (iv) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21, the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34; (v) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 89, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 90, the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 91, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 92, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 94; (vi) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 95, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 96, the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 97, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 98, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 99, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 100; (vii) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 101, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 102, the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 103, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 104, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 105, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 106; (viii) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 107, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 108, the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 109, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 110, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 111, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 112; (ix) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 113, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 114, the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 115, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 116, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 117, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 118; (x) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 119, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 120, the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 121, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 122, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 123, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 124; (xi) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 125, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 126, the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 127, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 128, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 129, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 130; (xii) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 131, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 132, the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 133, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 134, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 135, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 136; (xiii) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 137, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 138, the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 139, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 140, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 141, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 142; (xiv) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 143, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 144, the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 145, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 146, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 147, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 148; or (xv) wherein the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 149, the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 150, the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 151, the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152, the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 153, and the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 154.

In some embodiments, the reference antibody comprises (a) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising SEQ ID NOs: 35 and 39, respectively; (b) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising SEQ ID NOs: 36 and 40, respectively; (c) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising SEQ ID NOs: 37 and 41, respectively; (d) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising SEQ ID NOs: 38 and 42, respectively; (e) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising SEQ ID NOs: 155 and 166, respectively; (f) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising SEQ ID NOs: 156 and 167, respectively; (g) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising SEQ ID NOs: 157 and 168, respectively; (h) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising SEQ ID NOs: 158 and 169, respectively; (i) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising SEQ ID NOs: 159 and 170, respectively; (j) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising SEQ ID NOs: 160 and 171, respectively; (k) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising SEQ ID NOs: 161 and 172, respectively; (l) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising SEQ ID NOs: 162 and 173, respectively; (m) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising SEQ ID NOs: 163 and 174, respectively; (n) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising SEQ ID NOs: 164 and 175, respectively; or (o) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising SEQ ID NOs: 165 and 176, respectively.

Techniques for determining whether two antibodies bind to the same epitope include, e.g., epitope mapping methods, such as, x-ray analyses of crystals of antigen:antibody complexes which provides atomic resolution of the epitope and hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), methods monitoring the binding of the antibody to antigen fragments or mutated variations of the antigen, where loss of binding due to a modification of an amino acid residue within the antigen sequence is often considered an indication of an epitope component, computational combinatorial methods for epitope mapping.

An anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, that would be useful in the methods disclosed herewith can bind to at least one epitope of mature human FAM19A5, as determined, e.g., by binding of the antibodies to fragments of human FAM19A5. In some embodiments, anti-FAM19A5 antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, bind to a fragment located within the amino acid sequence of TLDRDSSQPRRTIARQTARC (SEQ ID NO: 6 or amino acid residues 42 to 61 of SEQ ID NO: 2), e.g., an epitope having at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, anti-FAM19A5 antibodies or antigen binding portion thereof bind to SEQ ID NO: 6 at one or more amino acids corresponding to amino acid residues 46 to 51 (i.e., DSSQPR), e.g., amino acid residues 46, 50, and 52 (i.e., D---P-R), e.g., amino acid residues 46, 47, 48, and 50 (i.e., DSS-P) of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, anti-FAM19A5 antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, bind to a fragment located within the amino acid sequence of CDMLPCLEGEGCDLLTNRSG (SEQ ID NO: 9 or amino acids 90 to 109 of SEQ ID NO: 2), e.g., an epitope having at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 9. In certain embodiments, anti-FAM19A5 antibodies or antigen binding portion thereof bind to SEQ ID NO: 9 at one or more amino acids residues 99 to 107 (i.e., EGCDLLINR), e.g., amino acid residues 102, 103, 105, and 107 (i.e., DL-I-R), e.g., amino acid residues 99, 100, 102, 103, 105, and 107 (i.e., EG-DL-I-R), e.g., amino acid residues 99, 100, and 107 (i.e., EG------R) of SEQ ID NO: 4.

In some embodiments, the at least one epitope has the amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or about 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the at least one epitope has the amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or about 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 9.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof binds to a human FAM19A5 epitope only, which is SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or a fragment located within the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, e.g., an epitope having 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof of the present disclosure binds to SEQ ID NO: 6 or a fragment thereof in its native conformation (i.e., un-denatured). In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, of the present disclosure binds to SEQ ID NO: 9 or a fragment thereof in its native conformation (i.e., un-denatured). In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof binds to both glycosylated and unglycosylated human FAM19A5.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof further binds to one or more additional FAM19A5 epitopes. Therefore, certain anti-FAM19A5 antibodies or antigen binding portions thereof bind to (i) an epitope of SEQ ID NO: 6 and an additional epitope, or (ii) an epitope of SEQ ID NO: 9 and an additional epitope. Other anti-FAM19A5 antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, can bind to an epitope of SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 9, and an additional epitope. In some embodiments, anti-FAM19A5 antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, bind to an epitope of SEQ ID NO: 6, an epitope of SEQ ID NO: 10, and an additional epitope.

In some embodiments, the one or more additional FAM19A5 epitopes are selected from QLAAGTCEIVTLDR (SEQ ID NO: 5, epitope F1), TLDRDSSQPRRTIARQTARC (SEQ ID NO: 6, epitope F2), TARCACRKGQIAGTTRARPA (SEQ ID NO: 7, epitope F3), ARPACVDARIIKTKQWCDML (SEQ ID NO: 8, epitope F4), CDMLPCLEGEGCDLLINRSG (SEQ ID NO: 9, epitope F5), or NRSGWTCTQPGGRIKTTTVS (SEQ ID NO: 10, epitope F6), or a fragment located within the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, or SEQ ID NO: 10, or any combination thereof. A fragment located within the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, or SEQ ID NO: 10, includes a fragment having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 amino acids of any of SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, and SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, or SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the one or more additional FAM19A5 epitopes are selected from SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or a fragment located within the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, e.g., a fragment having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof of the disclosure binds to any of the one or more additional epitopes in their native conformation (i.e., un-denatured). In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof binds to both glycosylated and unglycosylated of the one or more additional FAM19A5 epitopes.

In some embodiments, anti-FAM19A5 antibodies or antigen binding portions thereof bind to at least one FAM19A5 epitope identified as EP2, EP4, and/or EP8, wherein EP2 comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the amino acids DSSQP (SEQ ID NO: 66), wherein EP4 comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the amino acids ARCACRK (SEQ ID NO: 68), and wherein EP8 comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the amino acids TCTQPGGR (SEQ ID NO: 72). In some embodiments, the at least one epitope has the amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or about 100% identical to EP2, EP4, or EP8. In some embodiments, anti-FAM19A5 antibodies or antigen binding portion thereof only bind to EP2. In some embodiments, anti-FAM19A5 antibodies or antigen binding portion thereof bind to EP4 and EP8.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, binds to at least one FAM19A5 epitope identified as EP6, EP7, or EP8, wherein EP6 comprises the amino acids KTKQWCDML (SEQ ID NO: 70), wherein EP7 comprises the amino acids GCDLLINR (SEQ ID NO: 71), and wherein EP8 comprises the amino acids TCTQPGGR (SEQ ID NO: 72). In some embodiments, the at least one epitope has the amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or about 100% identical to EP6, EP7, or EP8. In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, only binds to EP6, EP7, or EP8. In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, binds to EP6, EP7, and EP8. In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, binds to EP7 and EP8. In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, binds to EP7.

In some embodiments, anti-FAM19A5 antibodies or antigen binding portion thereof bind to one or more FAM19A5 epitopes selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 65, SEQ ID NO: 66, SEQ ID NO: 67, SEQ ID NO: 68, SEQ ID NO: 69, SEQ ID NO: 70, SEQ ID NO: 71, SEQ ID NO: 72, and any combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, provided herein is an antibody or antigen binding portion thereof that binds to FAM19A5 (e.g., human FAM19A5) with a 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or higher affinity than to another protein in the FAM19A family as measured by, e.g., a immunoassay (e.g., ELISA), surface plasmon resonance, or kinetic exclusion assay. In a specific embodiment, provided herein is an antibody or antigen binding portion thereof that binds to FAM19A5 (e.g., human FAM19A5) with no cross reactivity with another protein in the FAM19A family as measured by, e.g., an immunoassay.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibodies are not native antibodies or are not naturally-occurring antibodies. For example, the anti-FAM19A5 antibodies have post-translational modifications that are different from those of antibodies that are naturally occurring, such as by having more, less or a different type of post-translational modification.

IV. Exemplary Anti-FAM19A5 Antibodies

Particular antibodies that can be used in the methods disclosed herein are antibodies, e.g., monoclonal antibodies, having the CDR and/or variable region sequences of antibody 1-65 isolated in Example 1, as well as antibodies having at least 80% identity (e.g., at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% identity) to their variable region or CDR sequences. The amino acid sequences for the VH and VL CDRs for the different anti-FAM19A5 antibodies are provided in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. The CDRs for the following antibodies were identified using the Kabat numbering scheme (see supra): 1-65, 3-2, 2-13, 1-28, P2-C12, 13B4, 13F7, 15A9, P1-A03, P1-A08, P1-F02, P2-A01, P2-A03, P2-F07, P2-F11, SS01-13, SS01-13-s5, and S5-2.GKNG. The CDRs for the following antibodies were identified using the IMGT numbering system (see supra): 1-7A-IT, Low-PI, 1-30, 1-17, 1-32, 4-11, 6-10, 2-13D, 2-13D-37, 2-13D-37-1.5W-41, and 2-13D-37-3W-16. The VH and VL amino acid sequences of different anti-FAM19A5 antibodies of the present disclosure are provided in Tables 4 and 5, respectively.

TABLE 2 Variable heavy chain CDR amino acid sequences Antibody VH-CDR1 VH-CDR2 VH-CDR3 Anti-FAM19A5 SYQMG VINKSGSDTS GSASYITAATIDA (″1-65″) (SEQ ID NO: 17) (SEQ ID NO: 18) (SEQ ID NO: 19) Anti-FAM19A5 SFNMF QISSSGSSTNYAPAVRG SSYDCPYGHCSSGVDSAGEI (″3-2″) (SEQ ID NO: 14) (SEQ ID NO: 15) DA (SEQ ID NO: 16) Anti-FAM19A5 SHGMF EITNDGSGTNYGSAVKG STYECPGGFSCWGDTGQIDA (″2-13″) (SEQ ID NO: 11) (SEQ ID NO: 12) (SEQ ID NO: 13) Anti-FAM19A5 GFDFSDYG IRSDGSNP AKDGNGYCALDAYRSGGYSC (″1-28″) (SEQ ID NO: 20) (SEQ ID NO: 21) GVYPGSIDA (SEQ ID NO: 22) Anti-FAM19A5 TYAVT YINWRGGTSYANWAKG DASSGAAFGSYGMDP (″P2-C12″) (SEQ ID NO: 89) (SEQ ID NO: 90) (SEQ ID NO: 91) Anti-FAM19A5 SSNWWS EIYHGGTTNYNPSLKG WQLVGGLDV (″13B4″) (SEQ ID NO: 95) (SEQ ID NO: 96) (SEQ ID NO: 97) Anti-FAM19A5 GYSWT EISHFGSANYNPSLKS ALRGTYSRFYYGMDV (″13F7″) (SEQ ID NO: 101) (SEQ ID NO: 102) (SEQ ID NO: 103) Anti-FAM19A5 SYYWS YIYPSGSTNYNPSLKS VNPFGYYYAMDV (″15A9″) (SEQ ID NO: 107) (SEQ ID NO: 108) (SEQ ID NO: 109) Anti-FAM19A5 SDYMS ITYPSTTTYYASWAKG GSNWSSGMNL (″P1-A03″) (SEQ ID NO: 113) (SEQ ID NO: 114) (SEQ ID NO: 115) Anti-FAM19A5 TYYMS IVYPSGTTYYANWAKG GDSFGYGL (″P1-A08″) (SEQ ID NO: 119) (SEQ ID NO: 120) (SEQ ID NO: 121) Anti-FAM19A5 NYYMG IIYASGSTYYASWAKG IDIGVGDYGWAYDRLDL (″P1-F02″) (SEQ ID NO: 125) (SEQ ID NO: 126) (SEQ ID NO: 127) Anti-FAM19A5 GYYMS ITYPSGSTDYASWAKG VAGYVGYGYETFFDI (″P2-A01″) (SEQ ID NO: 131) (SEQ ID NO: 132) (SEQ ID NO: 133) Anti-FAM19A5 NYDMS FMDTDGSAYYATWAKG RGSSYYGGIDI (″P2-A03″) (SEQ ID NO: 137) (SEQ ID NO: 138) (SEQ ID NO: 139) Anti-FAM19A5 SYYMN ITYPSGTTYYAGWAKG TVSGYFDI (″P2-F07″) (SEQ ID NO: 143) (SEQ ID NO: 144) (SEQ ID NO: 145) Anti-FAM19A5 SYGVS YIANNYNPHYASWAKG DNYGMDP (″P2-F11″) (SEQ ID NO: 149) (SEQ ID NO: 150) (SEQ ID NO: 151) Anti-FAM19A5 SYQMG VINKSGSDTS GSASYITAATIDA (″SS01-13″) (SEQ ID NO: 17) (SEQ ID NO: 18) (SEQ ID NO: 19) Anti-FAM19A5 SYQMG AINKSGSDTS GSASYITAATIDA (″SS01-13- (SEQ ID NO: 17) (SEQ ID NO: 263) (SEQ ID NO: 19) s5″) Anti-FAM19A5 SYQMG AINKGGSDTS GSASYITAATIDA (″S5- (SEQ ID NO: 17) (SEQ ID NO: 264) (SEQ ID NO: 19) 2.GKNG″) Anti-FAM19A5 GFTFSSFNMF QISSSGSSTNYAPAVKG SSYDCPYGHCSSGVDSAGEI (″1-7A-IT″) (SEQ D NO: 207) (SEQ ID NO: 208) DA (SEQ ID NO: 16) Anti-FAM19A5 GFDFESFNMF QISSSEEDENYAPAVKG SSYDCPYGHCSSGVDSAGEI (″LOW-PI″) (SEQ ID NO: 209) (SEQ ID NO: 210) DA (SEQ ID NO: 16) Anti-FAM19A5 GFDFESFNMF QISSSEEDENYAPAVKG SSYDCPYGHCSSGVDSAGEI (″1-30″) (SEQ ID NO: 209) (SEQ ID NO: 210) DA (SEQ ID NO: 16) Anti-FAM19A5 GFDFESFNMF QISSSEEDENYAPAVKG SSYDCPYGHCSSGVDSAGEI (″1-17″) (SEQ ID NO: 209) (SEQ ID NO: 210) DA (SEQ ID NO: 16) Anti-FAM19A5 GFDFESFNMF QISSSEEDENYAPAVKG SSYDCPYGHCSSGVDSAGEI (″1-32″) (SEQ ID NO: 209) (SEQ ID NO: 210) DA (SEQ ID NO: 16) Anti-FAM19A5 GFDFESFNMF QISSSEEDENYAPAVKG SSYDCPYGHCSSGVDSAGEI (″4-11″) (SEQ ID NO: 209) (SEQ ID NO: 210) DA (SEQ ID NO: 16) Anti-FAM19A5 GFDFESFNMF QISSSEEDENYAPAVKG SSYDCPYGHCSSGVDSAGEI (″6-10″) (SEQ ID NO: 209) (SEQ ID NO: 210) DA (SEQ ID NO: 16) Anti-FAM19A5 GFTFSSHGMF EITNDGSGTNYGSAVKG STYECPGGFSCWGDTGQIDA (″2-13D″) (SEQ ID NO: 211) (SEQ ID NO: 12) (SEQ ID NO: 13) Anti-FAM19A5 GFDFSSHGMF EITNDGSGTNYGSAVKG STYECPGGFSCWGDTGQIDA (″2-13D-37″) (SEQ ID NO: 212) (SEQ ID NO: 12) (SEQ ID NO: 13) Anti-FAM19A5 GFDFSSHGMF EITNDGSGTNYGSAVKG SSYVCPGGFSCWGDTGQIDA (″2-13D-37- (SEQ ID NO: 212) (SEQ ID NO: 12) (SEQ ID NO: 260) 1.5W-41″) Anti-FAM19A5 GFDFSSHGMF (SEQ EITNDGSGTNYGSAVKG SNYACPGGFSCWGDTGQIDA (″2-13D-37- ID NO: 212) (SEQ ID NO: 12) (SEQ ID NO: 261) 3W-16″)

TABLE 3 Variable light chain CDR amino acid sequences Antibody VL-CDR1 VL-CDR2 VL-CDR3 Anti-FAM19A5 SGGGSSGYGYG WNDKRPS GNDDYSSDSGYVGV (″1-65″) (SEQ ID NO: 29) (SEQ ID NO: 30) (SEQ ID NO: 31) Anti-FAM19A5 SGGGSYAGSYYYG ESNKRPS GSWDSSNGGI (″3-2″) (SEQ ID NO: 26) (SEQ ID NO: 27) (SEQ ID NO: 28) Anti-FAM19A5 SGGSYSYG WDDERPS GTEDISGTAGV (″2-13″) (SEQ ID NO: 23) (SEQ ID NO: 24) (SEQ ID NO: 25) Anti-FAM19A5 GYGYG QND GSEDSSTLAGI (″1-28″) (SEQ ID NO: 32) (SEQ ID NO: 33) (SEQ ID NO: 34) Anti-FAM19A5 QASQSISSYLS EASKLAS QQGYSSTNVWNA (″P2-C12″) (SEQ ID NO: 92) (SEQ ID NO: 93) (SEQ ID NO: 94) Anti-FAM19A5 SGDKLGNVYAS QDNKRPS QAWDSSTAV (″13B4″) (SEQ ID NO: 98) (SEQ ID NO: 99) (SEQ ID NO: 100) Anti-FAM19A5 RSSQSLLHSNGYNYLD LGSNRAS MQARQTPLT (″13F7″) (SEQ ID NO: 104) (SEQ ID NO: 105) (SEQ ID NO: 106) Anti-FAM19A5 RASQSISTSLN GASTLOS QESASIPRT (″15A9″) (SEQ ID NO: 110) (SEQ ID NO: 111) (SEQ ID NO: 112) Anti-FAM19A5 LASEDIYSGIS GASNLES LGGYSYSSTGLT (″P1-A03″) (SEQ ID NO: 116) (SEQ ID NO: 117) (SEQ ID NO: 118) Anti-FAM19A5 TADTLSRSYAS RDTSRPS ATSDGSGSNYQYV (″P1-A08″) (SEQ ID NO: 122) (SEQ ID NO: 123) (SEQ ID NO: 124) Anti-FAM19A5 LASEDIYSGIS GASNLES LGGYSYSSIT (″P1-F02″) (SEQ ID NO: 128 (SEQ ID NO: 129) (SEQ ID NO: 130) Anti-FAM19A5 LASEDIYSGIS GASNLES LGGVTYSSTGTHLT (″P2-A01″) (SEQ ID NO: 134) (SEQ ID NO: 135) (SEQ ID NO: 136) Anti-FAM19A5 QASQSIGGNLA RASTLAS QSPAYDPAAYVGNA (″P2-A03″) (SEQ ID NO: 140) (SEQ ID NO: 141) (SEQ ID NO: 142) Anti-FAM19A5 LASEDIYSALA GTSNLES QGYSSYPLT (″P2-F07″) (SEQ ID NO: 146) (SEQ ID NO: 147) (SEQ ID NO: 148) Anti-FAM19A5 QASQSVYNNKNLA AASTLAS QGEFSCSSADCNA (″P2-F11″) (SEQ ID NO: 152) (SEQ ID NO: 153) (SEQ ID NO: 154) Anti-FAM19A5 SGGASSGYGYG KDDERPS GNDDYSSDSGYVGV (″SS01-13″) (SEQ ID NO: 201) (SEQ ID NO: 270) (SEQ ID NO: 31) Anti-FAM19A5 SGGASSGYGYG KDSERPS GNDDYSSDSGYVGV (″SS01-13- (SEQ ID NO: 201) (SEQ ID NO: 202) (SEQ ID NO: 31) S5″) Anti-FAM19A5 SGGASSGYGYG KDSERPS GNDDYSSDSGYVGV (″S5- (SEQ ID NO: 201) (SEQ ID NO: 202) (SEQ ID NO: 31) 2.GKNG″) Anti-FAM19A5 SGGGSYAGSYYYG ENNKRPS GSWDSSNGGI (″1-7A-IT″) (SEQ ID NO: 26) (SEQ ID NO: 213) (SEQ ID NO: 28) Anti-FAM19A5 SGGGSEEEQYYYG EDEERPS GSWDSEDEDH (″LOW-PI″) (SEQ ID NO: 214) (SEQ ID NO: 215) (SEQ ID NO: 216) Anti-FAM19A5 SGGGSEEEQYYYG QDEERPS GSWDSEDEDH (″1-30″) (SEQ ID NO: 214) (SEQ ID NO: 217) (SEQ ID NO: 216) Anti-FAM19A5 SGGGSYAGSYYYG EDEQRPS GSWDSEDEDH (″1-17″) (SEQ ID NO: 26) (SEQ ID NO: 218) (SEQ ID NO: 216) Anti-FAM19A5 SGGGSYAGSYYYG QDEERPS GSWDSEDEDH (″1-32″) (SEQ ID NO: 26) (SEQ ID NO: 217) (SEQ ID NO: 216) Anti-FAM19A5 SGGGSYAGSYYYG EDHERPS GSWDSSDEDH (″4-11″) (SEQ ID NO: 26) (SEQ ID NO: 219) (SEQ ID NO: 220) Anti-FAM19A5 SGGGSYAGSYYYG QDLLRPS GSWDSLSSSH (″6-10″) (SEQ ID NO: 26) (SEQ ID NO: 221) (SEQ ID NO: 222) Anti-FAM19A5 SGGVYSYG WDDERPS GTEDISGTAGV (″2-13D″) (SEQ ID NO: 253) (SEQ ID NO: 24) (SEQ ID NO: 25) Anti-FAM19A5 SGGVYSYG WDDERPS GTEDISGTAGV (″2-13D-37″) (SEQ ID NO: 253) (SEQ ID NO: 24) (SEQ ID NO: 25) Anti-FAM19A5 SGGVYSYG WDDERPS GTEDISGTAGV (″2-13D-37- (SEQ ID NO: 253) (SEQ ID NO: 24) (SEQ ID NO: 25) 1.5W-41″) Anti-FAM19A5 SGGVYSYG WDDERPS GTEDISGTAGV (″2-13D-37- (SEQ ID NO: 253) (SEQ ID NO: 24) (SEQ ID NO: 25) 3W-16″)

TABLE 4 Variable heavy chain amino acid sequence Antibody VH Amino Acid Sequence (SEQ ID NO) Anti- AVTLDESGGGLQTPGGALSLVCKASGFTFSSYQMGWVRQAPGKGLEWVGVINKSGSDTSY FAM19A5 GSAVKGRATISRDNGQSTVRLQLNNLRAEDTGTYFCAKGSASYITAATIDAWGHGTEVIV (″1-65″) SSTS (SEQ ID NO: 37) Anti- AVTLDESGGGLQTPGGALSLVCKASGFTFSSFNMFWVRQAPGKGLEYVAQISSSGSSTNY FAM19A5 APAVRGRATISRDNGQSTVRLQLNNPGAEDTGTYYCAKSSYDCPYGHCSSGVDSAGEIDA (″3-2″) WGHGTEVIVSS (SEQ ID NO: 36) Anti- AVTLDESGGGLQTPGGALSLVCKASGFTFSSHGMFWVRQTPGKGLEYVAEITNDGSGTNY FAM19A5 GSAVKGRATISRDNGQSTVRLQLNNLRAEDTGTYFCARSTYECPGGFSCWGDTGQIDAWG (″2-13″) HGTEVIVSS (SEQ ID NO: 35) Anti- AVTLDESGGGLQTPGGALSLVCKASGFDFSDYGMGWVRQAPGKGLEWVAAIRSDGSNPSY FAM19A5 GSAVKGRATISKDNGRSTVRLQLNNLRAEDTATYYCAKDGNGYCALDAYRSGGYSCGVYP (″1-28″) GSIDAWGHGTEVIVSS (SEQ ID NO: 38) Anti- QSLEESGGRLVTPGTPLTLTCTVSGFSLSTYAVTWVRQAPGKGLEWIGYINWRGGTSYAN FAM19A5 WAKGRFTISKTSSTTVDLKMTSPTTEDTATYFCARDASSGAAFGSYGMDPWGPGTLVTVS (″P2-C12″) S (SEQ ID NO: 155) Anti- QVQLQESGPGLVKPSGTLSLNCAVSGGSISSSNWWSWVRQPPGKGLEWIGEIYHGGTTNY FAM19A5 NPSLKGRVTMSVDKTKNQFSLRLSSVTAVDTAVYYCARWQLVGGLDVWGQGTTVTVSS (″13B4″) (SEQ ID NO: 156) Anti- QVQLQEWGAGLLKPSETLSLTCAINAESFNGYSWTWIRQTPGKGLEWIGEISHFGSANYN FAM19A5 PSLKSRATISADKSKNQFSLKLTSVTAVDTAVYYCARALRGTYSRFYYGMDVWGQGTTVT (″13F7″) VSS (SEQ ID NO: 157) Anti- QVQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCTVSGGSISSYYWSWIRQPPGKGLEWIGYTYPSGSTNYN FAM19A5 PSLKSRVTISVDTSKNQFSLNLKSVTAVDTAVYYCARVNPFGYYYAMDVWGQGTTVTVSS (″15A9″) (SEQ ID NO: 158) Anti- QSVEESGGRLVTPGTPLTLTCTVSGFSLSSDYMSWVRQAPGEGLEWIGIIYPSTTTYYAS FAM19A5 WAKGRFTISKTSSTTVELKMTSLTTEDTATYFCARGSNWSSGMNLWGPGTLVTVSS (″P1-A03″) (SEQ ID NO: 159) Anti- QSLEESGGRLVTPGTPLTLTCTASGFSLSTYYMSWVRQAPGKGLEWIGIVYPSGTTYYAN FAM19A5 WAKGRFTISTASTTVDLMITSPTTEDTATYFCARGDSFGYGLWGPGTLVTVSS (SEQ (″P1-A08″) ID NO: 160) Anti- QSLEESGGRLVTPGTPLTLTCTASGFSLSNYYMGWVRQAPGEGLEWIGIIYASGSTYYAS FAM19A5 WAKGRFTISKTSTTVDLKMTSLTTEDTATYFCARIDIGVGDYGWAYDRLDLWGQGTLVTV (″P1-F02″) SS (SEQ ID NO: 161) Anti- QEQLVESGGRLVTPGTPLTLSCTASGFFLSGYYMSWVRQAPGKGLEWIGITYPSGSTDYA FAM19A5 SWAKGRFTISKTSTTVDLKITTPTTEDTATYFCARVAGYVGYGYETFFDIWGPGTLVTVS (″P2-A01″) L (SEQ ID NO: 162) Anti- QSVEESGGRLVTPGTPLTLTCTVSGFSLNNYDMSWVRQAPGKGLEYIGFMDTDGSAYYAT FAM19A5 WAKGRFTISRTSTTVDLKMTSPTTEDTATYFCARRGSSYYGGIDIWGPGTPVTVSL (″P2-A03″) (SEQ ID NO: 163) Anti QSLEESGGRLVTPGTPLTLTCTASGFSLSSYYMNWVRQAPGKGLEWIGITYPSGTTYYAG FAM19A5 WAKGRFTISKTSTTVDLKITSPTSEDTATYFCARTVSGYFDIWGPGTLVTVSL (SEQ (″P2-F07″) ID NO: 164) Anti- QEQLVESGGRLVTPGTTLTLTCTVSGFSLSSYGVSWVRQAPGKGLEWIGYIANNYNPHYA FAM19A5 SWAKGRFTISKTSSTTVDLKMTSLTTEDTATYFCARDNYGMDPWGPGTLVTVSS (SEQ (″P2-F11″) ID NO: 165) Anti- AVTLDESGGGLQTPGGALSLSCKASGFTFSSYQMGWVRQAPGKGLEWVGVINKSGSDTSY FAM19A5 GSAVKGRATISRDNGQSTLYLQMNNLRAEDTAVYFCAKGSASYITAATIDAWGHGTEVIV (″SS01-13″) SS (SEQ ID NO: 271) Anti- AVTLDESGGGLQTPGGALRLSCKASGFTFSSYQMGWVRQAPGKGLEWVSAINKSGSDTSY FAM19A5 GSAVKGRATISRDNGQSTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYFCAKGSASYITAATIDAWGHGTEVIV (″SS01-13- SS (SEQ ID NO: 203) s5″) Anti- AVTLDESGGGLQTPGGALRLSCKASGFTFSSYQMGWVRQAPGKGLEWVSAINKGGSDTSY FAM19A5 GSAVKGRATISRDNGQSTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYFCAKGSASYITAATIDAWGHGTEVIV (″S5- SS (SEQ ID NO: 254) 2.GKNG″) Anti- AVTLDESGGGLQTPGGALRLSCKASGFTFSSFNMFWVRQAPGKGLEYVSQISSSGSSTNY FAM19A5 APAVKGRATISRDNGQSTLYLQMNSLRAEDTGTYYCAKSSYDCPYGHCSSGVDSAGEIDA (″1-7A-IT″) WGHGTEVIVSS (SEQ ID NO: 223) Anti- AVTLDESGGGLQTPGGALRLSCKASGFDFESFNMFWVRQAPGKGLEYVSQISSSEEDENY FAM19A5 APAVKGRATISRDNGQSTLYLQMNSLRAEDTGTYYCAKSSYDCPYGHCSSGVDSAGEIDA (″Low-PI″) WGHGTEVIVSS (SEQ ID NO: 224) Anti- AVTLDESGGGLQTPGGALRLSCKASGFDFESFNMFWVRQAPGKGLEYVSQISSSEEDENY FAM19A5 APAVKGRATISRDNGQSTLYLQMNSLRAEDTGTYYCAKSSYDCPYGHCSSGVDSAGEIDA (″1-30″) WGHGTEVIVSS (SEQ ID NO: 224) Anti- AVTLDESGGGLQTPGGALRLSCKASGFDFESFNMFWVRQAPGKGLEYVSQISSSEEDENY FAM19A5 APAVKGRATISRDNGQSTLYLQMNSLRAEDTGTYYCAKSSYDCPYGHCSSGVDSAGEIDA (″1-17″) WGHGTEVIVSS (SEQ ID NO: 224) Anti- AVTLDESGGGLQTPGGALRLSCKASGFDFESFNMFWVRQAPGKGLEYVSQISSSEEDENY FAM19A5 APAVKGRATISRDNGQSTLYLQMNSLRAEDTGTYYCAKSSYDCPYGHCSSGVDSAGEIDA (″1-32″) WGHGTEVIVSS (SEQ ID NO: 224) Anti- AVTLDESGGGLQTPGGALRLSCKASGFDFESFNMFWVRQAPGKGLEYVSQISSSEEDENY FAM19A5 APAVKGRATISRDNGQSTLYLQMNSLRAEDTGTYYCAKSSYDCPYGHCSSGVDSAGEIDA (″4-11″) WGHGTEVIVSS (SEQ ID NO: 224) Anti- AVTLDESGGGLQTPGGALRLSCKASGFDFESFNMFWVRQAPGKGLEYVSQISSSEEDENY FAM19A5 APAVKGRATISRDNGQSTLYLQMNSLRAEDTGTYYCAKSSYDCPYGHCSSGVDSAGEIDA (″6-10″) WGHGTEVIVSS (SEQ ID NO: 224) Anti- AVTLDESGGGLQTPGGALRLSCSASGFTFSSHGMFWVRQAPGKGLEYVSEITNDGSGTNY FAM19A5 GSAVKGRATISRDNGQSTLYLQMNSLRAEDTGTYFCARSTYECPGGFSCWGDTGQIDAWG (″2-13D″) HGTEVIVSS (SEQ ID NO: 225) Anti- AVTLDESGGGLQTPGGALRLSCSASGFDFSSHGMFWVRQAPGKGLEYVSEITNDGSGTNY FAM19A5 GSAVKGRATISRDNGQSTLYLQMNSLRAEDTGTYFCARSTYECPGGFSCWGDTGQIDAWG (″2-13D-37″) HGTEVIVSS (SEQ ID NO: 275) Anti- AVTLDESGGGLQTPGGALRLSCSASGFDFSSHGMFWVRQAPGKGLEYVSEITNDGSGTNY FAM19A5 GSAVKGRATISRDNGQSTLYLQMNSLRAEDTGTYFCARSSYVCPGGFSCWGDTGQIDAWG (″2-13D-37- HGTEVIVSS (SEQ ID NO: 226) 1.5W-41″) Anti- AVTLDESGGGLQTPGGALRLSCSASGFDFSSHGMFWVRQAPGKGLEYVSEITNDGSGTNY FAM19A5 GSAVKGRATISRDNGQSTLYLQMNSLRAEDTGTYFCARSNYACPGGFSCWGDTGQIDAWG (″2-13D-37- HGTEVIVSS (SEQ ID NO: 257) 3W-16″)

TABLE 5 Variable light chain amino acid sequence Antibody VL Amino Acid Sequence (SEQ ID NO) Anti- LTQPSSVSANPGETVKITCSGGGSSGYGYGWYQQKSPSSAPLTVIYWNDKRPSDIPSRFS FAM19A5 GSKSGSTHTLTITGVQAEDEAVYFCGNDDYSSDSGYVGVFGAGTTLTVL (SEQ ID (″1-65″) NO: 41) Anti- ALTQPSSVSANPGETVKITCSGGGSYAGSYYYGWYQQKAPGSAPVTLIYESNKRPSDIPS FAM19A5 RFSGSTSGSTATLTITGVQADDEAIYYCGSWDSSNGGIFGAGTTLTVL (SEQ ID NO: (″3-2″) 40) Anti- ALTQPSSVSANPGETVKITCSGGSYSYGWFQQKSPGSALVTVIYWDDERPSDIPSRFSGA FAM19A5 LSGSTNTLTITGVQADDEAVYFCGTEDISGTAGVFGAGTTLTVL (SEQ ID NO: 39) (″2-13″) Anti- ALTQPSSVSANLEGTVEITCSGSGYGYGWYQQKSPGSAPVTVIYQNDKRPSDIPSRFSGS FAM19A5 KSGSTGTLTITGVQVEDEAVYYCGSEDSSTLAGIFGAGTTLTVL (SEQ ID NO: 42) (″1-28″) Anti- ELDMTQTPSSVSAAVGGTVTIKCQASQSISSYLSWYQQKPGQPPKLLIYEASKLASGVPS FAM19A5 RFSGSGYGTEFTLTISDLECADAATYYCQQGYSSTNVWNAFGGGTNVEIK (SEQ ID (″P2-C12″) NO: 166) Anti- SYELTQPLSVSVSPGQTASITCSGDKLGNVYASWYQQKPGQSPTLVIYQDNKRPSGIPER FAM19A5 FSGSNSGKTATLTISGTQALDEADYYCQAWDSSTAVFGGGTKLTVL (SEQ ID NO: (″13B4″) 167) Anti- DIVMTQTPLSLPVAPGEPASISCRSSQSLLHSNGYNYLDWYVQKPGQPPQLLIYLGSNRA FAM19A5 SGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDVGVYYCMQARQTPLTFGGGTKVEIK (SEQ ID (″13F7″) NO: 168) Anti- DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRITISCRASQSISTSLNWYQQTPGKAPRLLIYGASTLQSGVPS FAM19A5 RFSGGGSGTDFSLTITSLQPEDFATYYCQESASIPRTFGQGTKLDIK (SEQ ID NO: (″15A9″) 169) Anti- ELVMTQTPPSLSASVGETVRIRCLASEDIYSGISWYQQKPEKPPTLLISGASNLESGVPP FAM19A5 RFSGSGSGTDYTLTIGGVQAEDAATYYCLGGYSYSSTGLTFGAGTNVEIK (SEQ ID (″P1-A03″) NO: 170) Anti- ELVLTQSPSVQVNLGQTVSLTCTADTLSRSYASWYQQKPGQAPVLLIYRDTSRPSGVPDR FAM19A5 FSGSSSGNTATLTISGAQAGDEADYYCATSDGSGSNYQYVFGGGTQLTVT (SEQ ID (″P1-A08″) NO: 171) Anti- ELDMTQTPPSLSASVGETVRIRCLASEDIYSGISWYQQKPGKPPTLLIYGASNLESGVPP FAM19A5 RFSGSGSGTDYTLTIGGVQAEDAATYYCLGGYSYSSITFGAGTNVEIK (SEQ ID NO: (″P1-F02″) 172) Anti- ELVMTQTPPSLSASVGETVRIRCLASEDIYSGISWYQQKPGKPPTLLIYGASNLESGVPP FAM19A5 RFSGSGSGSDYTLTIGGVQAEDAATYYCLGGVTYSSTGTHLTFGAGTNVEIK (SEQ ID (″P2-A01″) NO: 173) Anti- ELDLTQTPASVSEPVGGTVTIKCQASQSIGGNLAWYQQKPGQPPKLLIYRASTLASGVPS FAM19A5 RFKGSGSGTDFTLTISDLECADAATYYCQSPAYDPAAYVGNAFGGGTELEIL (SEQ ID (″P2-A03″) NO: 174) Anti- ELDLTQTPPSLSASVGGTVTINCLASEDIYSALAWYQQKPGKPPTLLISGTSNLESGVPP FAM19A5 RFSGSGSGTDYTLTIGGVQAEDAATYFCQGYSSYPLTFGAGTNVEIK (SEQ ID NO: (″P2-F07″) 175) Anti- ELDLTQTPSSVSAAVGGTVTINCQASQSVYNNKNLAWYQQKPGQPPKLLIYAASTLASGV FAM19A5 SSRFKGSGSGTQFTLTISDVQCDDAATYYCQGEFSCSSADCNAFGGGTELEIL (SEQ (″P2-F11″) ID NO: 176) Anti- ALTQPSSVSANPGETVRITCSGGASSGYGYGWYQQKPSSAPLTVIYKDDERPSDIPSRFS FAM19A5 GSSSGSTHTLTITGVQAEDEAVYFCGNDDYSSDSGYVGVFGAGTTLTVL (SEQ ID (″SS01-13″) NO: 272) Anti- ALTQPSSVSANPGETARITCSGGASSGYGYGWYQQKPSSAPLTVIYKDSERPSDIPSRFS FAM19A5 GSSSGSTHTLTISGVQAEDEAVYFCGNDDYSSDSGYVGVFGAGTTLTVL (SEQ ID (″SS01-13- NO: 204) s5″) Anti- ALTQPSSVSANPGETARITCSGGASSGYGYGWYQQKPSSAPLTVIYKDSERPSDIPSRFS FAM19A5 GSSSGSTHTLTISGVQAEDEAVYFCGNDDYSSDSGYVGVFGAGTTLTVL (SEQ ID (″S5- NO: 204) 2.GKNG″) Anti- ALTQPSSVSANPGETVKITCSGGGSYAGSYYYGWYQQKPGSAPVTLIYENNKRPSDIPSR FAM19A5 FSGSTSGSTATLTITGVQAGDEADYYCGSWDSSNGGIFGAGTTLTVL (SEQ ID NO: (″1-7A-IT″) 227) Anti- ALTQPSSVSANPGETVKITCSGGGSEEEQYYYGWYQQKPGSAPVTLIYEDEERPSDIPSR FAM19A5 FSGSTSGSTATLTITGVQAGDEADYYCGSWDSEDEDHFGAGTTLTVL (SEQ ID NO: (″LOW-PI″) 228) Anti- ALTQPSSVSANPGETVKITCSGGGSEEEQYYYGWYQQKPGSAPVTLIYQDEERPSDIPSR FAM19A5 FSGSTSGSTATLTITGVQAGDEADYYCGSWDSEDEDHFGAGTTLTVL (SEQ ID NO: (″1-30″) 229) Anti- ALTQPSSVSANPGETVKITCSGGGSYAGSYYYGWYQQKPGSAPVTLIYEDEQRPSDIPSR FAM19A5 FSGSTSGSTATLTITGVQAGDEADYYCGSWDSEDEDHFGAGTTLTVL (SEQ ID NO: (″1-17″) 230) Anti- ALTQPSSVSANPGETVKITCSGGGSYAGSYYYGWYQQKPGSAPVTLIYQDEERPSDIPSR FAM19A5 FSGSTSGSTATLTITGVQAGDEADYYCGSWDSEDEDHFGAGTTLTVL (SEQ ID NO: (″1-32″) 231) Anti- ALTOPSSVSANPGETVKITCSGGGSYAGSYYYGWYQQKPGSAPVTLIYEDHERPSDIPSR FAM19A5 FSGSTSGSTATLTITGVQAGDEADYYCGSWDSSDEDHFGAGTTLTVL (SEQ ID NO: (″4-11″) 232) Anti- ALTQPSSVSANPGETVKITCSGGGSYAGSYYYGWYQQKPGSAPVTLIYQDLLRPSDIPSR FAM19A5 FSGSTSGSTATLTITGVQAGDEADYYCGSWDSLSSSHFGAGTTLTVL (SEQ ID NO: (″6-10″) 233) Anti- ALTQPSSVSANPGETAKITCSGGVYSYGWFQQKPGSALVTVIYWDDERPSDIPSRFSGAL FAM19A5 SGSTNTLTITGVQAEDEADYYCGTEDISGTAGVFGAGTTLTVL (SEQ ID NO: 234) (″2-13D″) Anti- ALTQPSSVSANPGETAKITCSGGVYSYGWFQQKPGSALVTVIYWDDERPSDIPSRFSGAL FAM19A5 SGSTNTLTITGVQAEDEADYYCGTEDISGTAGVFGAGTTLTVL (SEQ ID NO: 234) (″2-13D-37″) Anti- ALTQPSSVSANPGETAKITCSGGVYSYGWFQQKPGSALVTVIYWDDERPSDIPSRFSGAL FAM19A5 SGSTNTLTITGVQAEDEADYYCGTEDISGTAGVFGAGTTLTVL (SEQ ID NO: 234) (″2-13D-37- 1.5W-41″) Anti- ALTQPSSVSANPGETAKITCSGGVYSYGWFQQKPGSALVTVIYWDDERPSDIPSRFSGAL FAM19A5 SGSTNTLTITGVQAEDEADYYCGTEDISGTAGVFGAGTTLTVL (SEQ ID NO: 234) (″2-13D-37- 3W-16″)

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or an antigen binding fragment thereof, comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 35-38, 155-165, 203, 223-226, 254, 257, 271, or 275. In other embodiments, the isolated anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or an antigen binding portion thereof, comprises the CDRs of the heavy chain variable region selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 35-38, 155-165, 203, 223-226, 254, 257, 271, or 275.

In some embodiments, the isolated anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or an antigen binding fragment thereof, comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the light chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 39-42, 166-176, 204, 227-234, or 272. In other embodiments, the isolated anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or an antigen binding portion thereof, comprises the CDRs of the light chain variable region selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 39-42, 166-176, 227-234, or 272.

In some embodiments, the isolated anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or an antigen binding portion thereof, comprises the CDRs of the heavy chain variable region selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 35-38, 155-165, 203, 223-226, 254, 257, 271, or 275 and the CDRs of the light chain variable region selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 39-42, 166-176, 227-234, or 272.

In some embodiments, the isolated anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or an antigen binding fragment thereof, comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, (i) wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 37 and wherein the light chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41; (ii) wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 36 and wherein the light chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40; (iii) wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35 and wherein the light chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39; (iv) wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 38 and wherein the light chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42; (v) wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 155 and wherein the light chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 166; (vi) wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 156 and wherein the light chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 167; (vii) wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 157 and wherein the light chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 168; (viii) wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 158 and wherein the light chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 169; (ix) wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 159 and wherein the light chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 170; (x) wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 160 and wherein the light chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 171; (xi) wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 161 and wherein the light chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 172; (xii) wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 162 and wherein the light chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 173; (xiii) wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 163 and wherein the light chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 174; (xiv) wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 164 and wherein the light chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 175; and (xv) wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 165 and wherein the light chain variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 176. In some embodiments, an isolated anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or an antigen binding fragment thereof, comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) and a light chain variable region (VL), wherein the VH comprises a VH sequence as set forth in Table 4, and the VL comprises a VL sequence as set forth in Table 5.

In some embodiments, the isolated anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or an antigen-binding portion thereof, comprises a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region, wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence which is at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or about 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 35-38, 155-165, 203, 223-226, 254, 257, 271, or 275.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or an antigen-binding portion thereof, comprises a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region, wherein the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence which is at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or about 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 39-42, 166-176, 227-234, or 272.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or an antigen binding portion thereof, comprises heavy and light chain variable regions, wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence which is at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or about 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 35-38, 155-165, 203, 223-226, 254, 257, 271, or 275, and wherein the light chain variable region comprises an amino acid sequence which is at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or about 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NOs: 39-42, 166-176, 227-234, or 272.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or an antigen-binding portion thereof, comprises:

-   -   (a) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising         SEQ ID NOs: 35 and 39, respectively;     -   (b) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising         SEQ ID NOs: 36 and 40, respectively     -   (c) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising         SEQ ID NOs: 37 and 41, respectively;     -   (d) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising         SEQ ID NOs: 38 and 42, respectively;     -   (e) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising         SEQ ID NOs: 155 and 166, respectively;     -   (f) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising         SEQ ID NOs: 156 and 167, respectively;     -   (g) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising         SEQ ID NOs: 157 and 168, respectively;     -   (h) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising         SEQ ID NOs: 158 and 169, respectively;     -   (i) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising         SEQ ID NOs: 159 and 170, respectively;     -   (j) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising         SEQ ID NOs: 160 and 171, respectively;     -   (k) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising         SEQ ID NOs: 161 and 172, respectively;     -   (l) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising         SEQ ID NOs: 162 and 173, respectively;     -   (m) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising         SEQ ID NOs: 163 and 174, respectively;     -   (n) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising         SEQ ID NOs: 164 and 175, respectively; or     -   (o) heavy and light chain variable region sequences comprising         SEQ ID NOs: 165 and 176, respectively.

In certain embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or antigen-binding portion thereof, comprises (i) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of 1-65, or combinations thereof, and/or the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of 1-65, or combinations thereof; (ii) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of 3-2, or combinations thereof, and/or the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of 3-2, or any combinations thereof; (iii) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of 2-13, or combinations thereof, and/or the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of 2-13, or any combinations thereof; (iv) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of 1-28, or combinations thereof, and/or the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of 1-28, or any combinations thereof; (v) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of P2-C12, or combinations thereof, and/or the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of P2-C12, or any combinations thereof; (vi) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of 13B4, or combinations thereof, and/or the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of 13B4, or any combinations thereof; (vii) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of 13F7, or combinations thereof, and/or the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of 13F7, or any combinations thereof; (viii) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of 15A9, or combinations thereof, and/or the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of 15A9, or any combinations thereof; (ix) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of P1-A03, or combinations thereof, and/or the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of P1-A03, or any combinations thereof; (x) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of P1-A08, or combinations thereof, and/or the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of P1-A08, or any combinations thereof; (xi) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of P1-F02, or combinations thereof, and/or the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of P1-F02, or any combinations thereof; (xii) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of P2-A01, or combinations thereof, and/or the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of P2-A01, or any combinations thereof; (xiii) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of P2-A03, or combinations thereof, and/or the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of P2-A03, or any combinations thereof; (xiv) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of P2-F07, or combinations thereof, and/or the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of P2-F07, or any combinations thereof; or (xv) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of P2-F11, or combinations thereof, and/or the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of F2-F11, or any combinations thereof. The amino acid sequences of the VH CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 for the different anti-FAM19A5 antibodies disclosed herein are provided in Table 2. The amino acid sequences of the VL CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 for the different anti-FAM19A5 antibodies disclosed herein are provided in Table 3.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or antigen-binding portion thereof, comprises:

-   -   (a) a VH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         17; and/or     -   (b) a VH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         18; and/or     -   (c) a VH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         19.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or antigen-binding portion thereof, comprises one, two, or all three of the VH CDRs above.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or antigen-binding portion thereof, comprises:

-   -   (a) a VL CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         29; and/or     -   (b) a VL CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         30; and/or     -   (c) a VL CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         31.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or antigen-binding portion thereof, comprises one, two, or all three of the VL CDRs above.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or antigen-binding portion thereof, comprises:

-   -   (a) a VH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         17;     -   (b) a VH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         18;     -   (c) a VH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         19;     -   (d) a VL CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         29;     -   (e) a VL CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         30; and/or     -   (f) a VL CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         31.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprises:

-   -   (a) a VH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         14;     -   (b) a VH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         15; and/or     -   (c) a VH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         16.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprises one, two, or all three of the VH CDRs above.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprises:

-   -   (a) a VL CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         26;     -   (b) a VL CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         27; and/or     -   (c) a VL CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         28.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprises one, two, or all three of the VL CDRs above.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprises:

-   -   (a) a VH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         14;     -   (b) a VH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         15;     -   (c) a VH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         16;     -   (d) a VL CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         26;     -   (e) a VL CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         27; and/or     -   (f) a VL CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         28.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, which specifically binds to human FAM19A5, comprises:

-   -   (a) a VH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         11;     -   (b) a VH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         12; and/or     -   (c) a VH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         13.

In some embodiments, the antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprises one, two, or all three of the VH CDRs above.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, which specifically binds to human FAM19A5, comprises:

-   -   (a) a VL CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         23;     -   (b) a VL CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         24; and/or     -   (c) a VL CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         25.

In some embodiments, the antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprises one, two, or all three of the VL CDRs above.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, which specifically binds to human FAM19A5, comprise:

-   -   (a) a VH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         11;     -   (b) a VH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         12;     -   (c) a VH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         13;     -   (d) a VL CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         23;     -   (e) a VL CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         24; and/or     -   (f) a VL CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         25.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprises:

-   -   (a) a VH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         20;     -   (b) a VH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         21; and/or     -   (c) a VH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         22.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprises one, two, or all three of the VH CDRs above.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprises:

-   -   (a) a VL CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         32;     -   (b) a VL CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         33; and/or     -   (c) a VL CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         34.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprises one, two, or all three of the VL CDRs above.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprises:

-   -   (a) a VH CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         20;     -   (b) a VH CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         21;     -   (c) a VH CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         22;     -   (d) a VL CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         32;     -   (e) a VL CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         33; and/or     -   (f) a VL CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:         34.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or antigen-binding portion thereof, disclosed herein comprises one, two, three, four, five, or six of the CDRs above.

A VH domain, or one or more CDRs thereof, described herein can be linked to a constant domain for forming a heavy chain, e.g., a full length heavy chain. Similarly, a VL domain, or one or more CDRs thereof, described herein can be linked to a constant domain for forming a light chain, e.g., a full length light chain. A full length heavy chain and full length light chain combine to form a full length antibody.

Accordingly, in specific embodiments, provided is an antibody comprising an antibody light chain and heavy chain, e.g., a separate light chain and heavy chain that is useful in the methods disclosed herein. With respect to the light chain, in a specific embodiment, the light chain of an antibody described herein is a kappa light chain. In another specific embodiment, the light chain of an antibody described herein is a lambda light chain. In yet another specific embodiment, the light chain of an antibody described herein is a human kappa light chain or a human lambda light chain. In a particular embodiment, an antibody useful in the methods disclosed herein, which specifically binds to a FAM19A5 polypeptide (e.g., human FAM19A5) comprises a light chain which comprises any VL or VL CDR amino acid sequences described herein, and wherein the constant region of the light chain comprises the amino acid sequence of a human kappa light chain constant region. In a particular embodiment, an antibody described useful in the methods disclosed herein, which specifically binds to a FAM19A5 polypeptide (e.g., human FAM19A5) comprises a light chain which comprises a VL or VL CDR amino acid sequences described herein, and wherein the constant region of the light chain comprises the amino acid sequence of a human lambda light chain constant region. Non-limiting examples of human constant region sequences have been described in the art, e.g., see U.S. Pat. No. 5,693,780 and Kabat E A et al, (1991) supra.

With respect to the heavy chain, in some embodiments, the heavy chain of an antibody described herein can be an alpha (α), delta (δ), epsilon (ε), gamma (γ) or mu (μ) heavy chain. In another specific embodiment, the heavy chain of an antibody described can comprise a human alpha (α), delta (δ), epsilon (ε), gamma (γ) or mu (μ) heavy chain. In some embodiments, an antibody described useful in the methods disclosed herein, which specifically binds to FAM19A5 (e.g., human FAM19A5), comprises a heavy chain which comprises a VH or VH CDR amino acid sequence described herein, and wherein the constant region of the heavy chain comprises the amino acid sequence of a human gamma (γ) heavy chain constant region. In other embodiments, an antibody described herein, which specifically binds to FAM19A5 (e.g., human FAM19A5), comprises a heavy chain which comprises a VH or VH CDR amino acid sequence disclosed herein, and wherein the constant region of the heavy chain comprises the amino acid of a human heavy chain described herein or known in the art. Non-limiting examples of human constant region sequences have been described in the art, e.g., see U.S. Pat. No. 5,693,780 and Kabat E A et al., (1991) supra.

In some embodiments, an antibody described useful in the methods disclosed herein, which specifically binds to FAM19A5 (e.g., human FAM19A5) comprises a VL domain and a VH domain comprising the VH or VH CDRs and VL and VL CDRs described herein, and wherein the constant regions comprise the amino acid sequences of the constant regions of an IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA or IgY immunoglobulin molecule, or a human IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA or IgY immunoglobulin molecule. In another specific embodiment, an antibody described herein, which specifically binds to FAM19A5 (e.g., human FAM19A5) comprises a VL domain and a VH domain comprising any amino acid sequences described herein, and wherein the constant regions comprise the amino acid sequences of the constant regions of an IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA or IgY immunoglobulin molecule, any subclass (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1 and IgA2) of immunoglobulin molecule. In some embodiments, the constant regions comprise the amino acid sequences of the constant regions of a human IgG, which are naturally-occurring, including subclasses (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4), and allotypes (e.g., G1m, G2m, G3m, and nG4m) and variants thereof. See, e.g., Vidarsson G. et al. Front Immunol. 5:520 (published online Oct. 20, 2014) and Jefferis R. and Lefranc M P, mAbs 1:4, 1-7(2009). In some embodiments, the constant regions comprise the amino acid sequences of the constant regions of a human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4, or variants thereof.

In certain embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof disclosed useful in the methods disclosed herein does not have Fc effector functions, e.g., complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and/or antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). Effector functions are mediated by the Fc region and the residues most proximal to the hinge region in the CH2 domain of the Fc region are responsible for effector functions of antibodies as it contains a largely overlapping binding site for C1q (complement) and IgG-Fc receptors (FcγR) on effector cells of the innate immune system. Also, IgG2 and IgG4 antibodies have lower levels of Fc effector functions than IgG1 and IgG3 antibodies. Effector functions of an antibody can be reduced or avoided by different approaches known in the art, including (1) using antibody fragments lacking the Fc region (e.g., such as a Fab, F(ab′)2, single chain Fv (scFv), or a sdAb consisting of a monomeric VH or VL domain); (2) generating aglycosylated antibodies, which can be generated by, for example, deleting or altering the residue the sugar is attached to, removing the sugars enzymatically, producing the antibody in cells cultured in the presence of a glycosylation inhibitor, or by expressing the antibody in cells unable to glycosylate proteins (e.g., bacterial host cells, see, e.g., U.S. Pub. No. 20120100140); (3) employing Fc regions from an IgG subclass that have reduced effector function (e.g., an Fc region from IgG2 or IgG4 antibodies or a chimeric Fc region comprising a CH2 domain from IgG2 or IgG4 antibodies, see, e.g., U.S. Pub. No. 20120100140 and Lau C. et al. J. Immunol. 191:4769-4777 (2013)); and (4) generating an Fc region with mutations that result in reduced or no Fc functions. See, e.g., U.S. Pub. No. 20120100140 and U.S. and PCT applications cited therein and An et al., mAbs 1:6, 572-579 (2009).

Thus, in some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof useful in the methods disclosed herein is an Fab, an Fab′, an F(ab′)2, an Fv, a single chain Fv (scFv), or a sdAb consisting of a monomeric VH or VL domain. Such antibody fragments are well known in the art and are described supra.

In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody or antigen binding portion thereof useful in the methods disclosed herein comprises an Fc region with reduced or no Fc effector function. In some embodiments, the constant regions comprise the amino acid sequences of the Fc region of a human IgG2 or IgG4, in some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody is of an IgG2/IgG4 isotype. In some embodiments, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody comprises a chimeric Fc region which comprises a CH2 domain from an IgG antibody of the IgG4 isotype and a CH3 domain from an IgG antibody of the IgG1 isotype, or a chimeric Fc region which comprises a hinge region from IgG2 and a CH2 region from IgG4, or an Fc region with mutations that result in reduced or no Fc functions. Fc regions with reduced or no Fc effector function include those known in the art. See, e.g., Lau C. et al., J. Immunol. 191:4769-4777 (2013); An et al., mAbs 1:6, 572-579 (2009); and U.S. Pub. No. 20120100140 and the U.S. patents and publications and PCT publications cited therein. Also Fc regions with reduced or no Fc effector function can be readily made by a person of ordinary skill in the art.

V. Nucleic Acid Molecules

Another aspect described herein pertains to one or more nucleic acid molecules that encode any one of the antibodies or antigen binding portions thereof useful in the methods disclosed herein. The nucleic acids can be present in whole cells, in a cell lysate, or in a partially purified or substantially pure form. A nucleic acid is “isolated” or “rendered substantially pure” when purified away from other cellular components or other contaminants, e.g., other cellular nucleic acids (e.g., other chromosomal DNA, e.g., the chromosomal DNA that is linked to the isolated DNA in nature) or proteins, by standard techniques, including alkaline/SDS treatment, CsCl banding, column chromatography, restriction enzymes, agarose gel electrophoresis and others well known in the art. See, F. Ausubel, et al., ed. (1987) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing and Wiley Interscience, New York. A nucleic acid described herein can be, for example, DNA or RNA and can or cannot contain intronic sequences. In a certain embodiments, the nucleic acid is a cDNA molecule.

Nucleic acids described herein can be obtained using standard molecular biology techniques. For antibodies expressed by hybridomas (e.g., hybridomas prepared from transgenic mice carrying human immunoglobulin genes as described further below), cDNAs encoding the light and heavy chains of the antibody made by the hybridoma can be obtained by standard PCR amplification or cDNA cloning techniques. For antibodies obtained from an immunoglobulin gene library (e.g., using phage display techniques), nucleic acid encoding the antibody can be recovered from the library.

Certain nucleic acids molecules described herein are those encoding the VH and VL sequences of the anti-FAM19A5 antibodies of the present disclosure. Exemplary DNA sequences encoding the VH sequence of such antibodies are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 43-46, 177, 205, 235-243, 255, 258, 273, and 276 (see Table 6). Exemplary DNA sequences encoding the VL sequences of such antibodies are set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 47-50, 178, 206, 244-252, 256, 259, 274, and 277 (see Table 7).

TABLE 6 Variable heavy chain polynucleotide sequence Antibody Variable Heavy Chain Polynucleotide Sequence (SEQ ID NO) Anti-FAM19A5 gccgtgacgt tggacgagtc cgggggcggc ctccagacgc ccggaggagc (1-65) gctcagcctc gtctgcaagg cctccgggtt caccttcagc agctatcaga tgggctgggt gcgacaggcg cccggcaagg ggctggaatg ggtcggtgtt attaacaaga gtggtagtga cacatcatac gggtcggcgg tgaagggccg tgccaccatc tcgagggaca acgggcagag cacagtgagg ctgcagctga acaacctcag ggctgaggac accggcacct acttctgcgc caaaggttct gctagttata taactgctgc taccatcgac gcatggggcc acgggaccga agtcatcgtc tcctccacta gt (SEQ ID NO: 45) Anti-FAM19A5 GCCGTGACGTTGGACGAGTCCGGGGGCGGCCTCCAGACGCCCGGAGGAGCGCTCAGCCTC (3-2) GTCTGCAAGGCCTCCGGGTTCACCTTCAGCAGCTTCAACATGTTCTGGGTGCGACAGGCG CCCGGCAAGGGGCTGGAATACGTCGCTCAAATTAGCAGCAGTGGTAGTAGCACAAACTAC GCACCCGCGGTGAGGGGCCGTGCCACCATCTCGAGGGACAACGGGCAGAGCACAGTGAGG CTGCAGCTGAACAACCCCGGGGCTGAAGACACCGGCACCTACTACTGCGCCAAAAGTAGT TATGACTGTCCTTACGGTCATTGTAGTAGTGGTGTTGATAGTGCTGGTGAGATCGACGCA TGGGGCCACGGGACCGAAGTCATCGTCTCCTCCA (SEQ ID NO: 44) Anti-FAM19A5 GCCGTGACGTTGGACGAGTCCGGGGGCGGCCTCCAGACGCCCGGAGGAGCGCTCAGCCTC (2-13) GTCTGCAAGGCCTCCGGGTTCACCTTCAGCAGCCATGGCATGTTCTGGGTGCGACAGACG CCCGGCAAGGGGTTGGAATATGTCGCTGAAATTACCAATGATGGTAGTGGCACAAACTAC GGGTCGGCGGTGAAGGGCCGTGCCACCATCTCGAGGGACAACGGGCAGAGCACAGTGAGG CTGCAGCTGAACAACCTCAGGGCTGAGGACACCGGCACCTACTTCTGCGCCAGATCTACT TATGAATGTCCTGGTGGTTTTAGTTGTTGGGGTGATACTGGTCAAATAGACGCATGGGGC CACGGGACCGAAGTCATCGTCTCCTCCA (SEQ ID NO: 43) Anti-FAM19A5 GCCGTGACGTTGGACGAGTCCGGGGGCGGCCTCCAGACGCCCGGAGGAGCGCTCAGCCTC (1-28) GTCTGCAAGGCCTCCGGGTTCGACTTCAGCGATTATGGCATGGGTTGGGTGCGACAGGCT CCAGGCAAGGGGCTGGAGTGGGTTGCTGCTATTAGAAGTGATGGTAGTAACCCATCATAC GGGTCGGCGGTGAAGGGCCGTGCCACCATCTCGAAGGACAACGGGCGAAGCACAGTGAGG CTGCAGCTGAACAACCTCAGGGCTGAGGACACCGCCACCTACTACTGCGCCAAGGATGGT AATGGTTACTGTGCTCTCGATGCTTATCGTAGTGGTGGTTATAGTTGTGGTGTTTATCCT GGTAGCATCGACGCATGGGGCCACGGGACCGAAGTCATCGTCTCCTCC (SEQ ID NO: 46) Anti-FAM19A5 CAGTCGCTGGAGGAGTCCGGGGGTCGCCTGGTCACGCCTGGGACACCCCTGACACTCACC (P2-C12) TGCACCGTCTCTGGATTCTCCCTCAGTACCTATGCAGTGACCTGGGTCCGCCAGGCTCCA GGGAAGGGGCTGGAATGGATCGGATACATTAATTGGCGTGGTGGGACATCCTACGCGAAC TGGGCGAAAGGCCGATTCACCATCTCCAAAACCTCGTCGACCACGGTGGATCTGAAAATG ACCAGTCCGACAACCGAGGACACGGCCACCTATTTCTGTGCCAGAGATGCTAGTAGTGGT GCTGCTTTTGGGTCTTACGGCATGGACCCCTGGGGCCCAGGGACCCTCGTCACCGTCTCT TCA (SEQ ID NO: 177) Anti-FAM19A5 GCCGTGACGTTGGACGAGTCCGGGGGCGGCCTCCAGACGCCCGGAGGAGCGCTCTCTCTC (SS01-13) TCTTGCAAAGCCTCCGGGTTCACCTTCAGCAGCTATCAGATGGGCTGGGTGCGACAGGCG CCCGGCAAGGGGCTGGAATGGGTCGGTGTTATTAACAAGTCTGGTAGTGACACATCATAC GGGTCGGCGGTGAAGGGCCGTGCCACCATCTCGAGGGACAACGGGCAGAGCACACTGTAC CTGCAGATGAACAACCTCAGGGCTGAGGACACCGCTGTTTACTTCTGCGCCAAAGGTTCT GCTAGTTACATAACTGCTGCTACCATCGACGCATGGGGCCACGGGACCGAAGTCATCGTC TCCTCC (SEQ ID NO: 273) Anti-FAM19A5 GCCGTGACGTTGGACGAGTCCGGGGGCGGCCTCCAGACGCCCGGAGGAGCGCTCCGCCTC (SS01-13-S5) TCTTGCAAGGCCTCCGGGTTCACCTTCAGCAGCTATCAGATGGGCTGGGTGCGACAGGCG CCCGGCAAGGGGCTGGAATGGGTCAGCGCGATTAATAAGAGCGGTAGTGACACATCATAC GGGTCGGCGGTGAAGGGCCGTGCCACCATCTCGAGGGACAACGGGCAGAGCACACTGTAC CTGCAGATGAACAGCCTCAGGGCTGAGGACACCGCTGTTTACTTCTGCGCCAAAGGTTCT GCTAGTTACATAACTGCTGCTACCATCGACGCATGGGGCCACGGGACCGAAGTCATCGTC TCCTCC (SEQ ID NO: 205) Anti-FAM19A5 GCCGTGACGTTGGACGAGTCCGGGGGCGGCCTCCAGACGCCCGGAGGAGCGCTCCGCCTC (″S5-2.GKNG″) TCTTGCAAGGCCTCCGGGTTCACCTTCAGCAGCTATCAGATGGGCTGGGTGCGACAGGCG CCCGGCAAGGGGCTGGAATGGGTCAGCGCGATTAATAAGGGCGGTAGTGACACATCATAC GGGTCGGCGGTGAAGGGCCGTGCCACCATCTCGAGGGACAACGGGCAGAGCACACTGTAC CTGCAGATGAACAGCCTCAGGGCTGAGGACACCGCTGTTTACTTCTGCGCCAAAGGTTCT GCTAGTTACATAACTGCTGCTACCATCGACGCATGGGGCCACGGGACCGAAGTCATCGTC TCCTCC (SEQ ID NO: 255) Anti-FAM19A5 GCCGTGACGTTGGATGAATCCGGGGGCGGCCTCCAGACGCCCGGAGGAGCGCTCCGCCTC (″1-7A-IT″) AGCTGCAAGGCCTCTGGGTTCACCTTCAGCAGCTTCAACATGTTCTGGGTGCGACAGGCG CCCGGCAAGGGGCTGGAATACGTCTCGCAGATTAGCAGCAGTGGTAGTAGCACAAACTAC GCACCCGCGGTGAAAGGCCGTGCCACCATCTCGAGGGACAACGGGCAGAGCACACTGTAT CTGCAGATGAACAGCCTGCGCGCTGAAGACACCGGCACCTACTACTGCGCCAAAAGTAGT TATGACTGTCCTTACGGTCATTGTAGTAGTGGTGTTGATAGTGCTGGTGAGATCGACGCA TGGGGCCACGGGACCGAAGTCATCGTCTCCTCC (SEQ ID NO: 235) Anti-FAM19A5 GCCGTGACGTTGGATGAATCCGGGGGCGGCCTCCAGACGCCCGGAGGAGCGCTCCGCCTC (″LOW-PI″) AGCTGCAAGGCCTCTGGGTTCACCTTCAGCAGCTTCAACATGTTCTGGGTGCGACAGGCG CCCGGCAAGGGGCTGGAATACGTCTCGCAGATTAGCAGCAGTGGTAGTAGCACAAACTAC GCACCCGCGGTGAAAGGCCGTGCCACCATCTCGAGGGACAACGGGCAGAGCACACTGTAT CTGCAGATGAACAGCCTGCGCGCTGAAGACACCGGCACCTACTACTGCGCCAAAAGTAGT TATGACTGTCCTTACGGTCATTGTAGTAGTGGTGTTGATAGTGCTGGTGAGATCGACGCA TGGGGCCACGGGACCGAAGTCATCGTCTCCTCC (SEQ ID NO: 236) Anti-FAM19A5 GCCGTGACGTTGGATGAATCCGGGGGCGGCCTCCAGACGCCCGGAGGAGCGCTCCGCCTC (″1-30″) AGCTGCAAGGCCTCTGGCTTTGATTTTGAAAGCTTCAACATGTTCTGGGTGCGACAGGCG CCCGGCAAGGGGCTGGAATACGTCTCGCAGATTAGCAGCAGTGAAGAAGATGAAAACTAC GCACCCGCGGTGAAAGGCCGTGCCACCATCTCGAGGGACAACGGGCAGAGCACACTGTAT CTGCAGATGAACAGCCTGCGCGCTGAAGACACCGGCACCTACTACTGCGCCAAAAGTAGT TATGACTGTCCTTACGGTCATTGTAGTAGTGGTGTTGATAGTGCTGGTGAGATCGACGCA TGGGGCCACGGGACCGAAGTCATCGTCTCCTCC (SEQ ID NO: 237) Anti-FAM19A5 GCCGTGACGTTGGATGAATCCGGGGGCGGCCTCCAGACGCCCGGAGGAGCGCTCCGCCTC (″1-17″) AGCTGCAAGGCCTCTGGCTTTGATTTTGAAAGCTTCAACATGTTCTGGGTGCGACAGGCG CCCGGCAAGGGGCTGGAATACGTCTCGCAGATTAGCAGCAGTGAAGAAGATGAAAACTAC GCACCCGCGGTGAAAGGCCGTGCCACCATCTCGAGGGACAACGGGCAGAGCACACTGTAT CTGCAGATGAACAGCCTGCGCGCTGAAGACACCGGCACCTACTACTGCGCCAAAAGTAGT TATGACTGTCCTTACGGTCATTGTAGTAGTGGTGTTGATAGTGCTGGTGAGATCGACGCA TGGGGCCACGGGACCGAAGTCATCGTCTCCTCC (SEQ ID NO: 238) Anti-FAM19A5 GCCGTGACGTTGGATGAATCCGGGGGCGGCCTCCAGACGCCCGGAGGAGCGCTCCGCCTC (″1-32″) AGCTGCAAGGCCTCTGGCTTTGATTTTGAAAGCTTCAACATGTTCTGGGTGCGACAGGCG CCCGGCAAGGGGCTGGAATACGTCTCGCAGATTAGCAGCAGTGAAGAAGATGAAAACTAC GCACCCGCGGTGAAAGGCCGTGCCACCATCTCGAGGGACAACGGGCAGAGCACACTGTAT CTGCAGATGAACAGCCTGCGCGCTGAAGACACCGGCACCTACTACTGCGCCAAAAGTAGT TATGACTGTCCTTACGGTCATTGTAGTAGTGGTGTTGATAGTGCTGGTGAGATCGACGCA TGGGGCCACGGGACCGAAGTCATCGTCTCCTCC (SEQ ID NO: 239) Anti-FAM19A5 GCCGTGACGTTGGATGAATCCGGGGGCGGCCTCCAGACGCCCGGAGGAGCGCTCCGCCTC (″4-11″) AGCTGCAAGGCCTCTGGCTTTGATTTTGAAAGCTTCAACATGTTCTGGGTGCGACAGGCG CCCGGCAAGGGGCTGGAATACGTCTCGCAGATTAGCAGCAGTGAAGAAGATGAAAACTAC GCACCCGCGGTGAAAGGCCGTGCCACCATCTCGAGGGACAACGGGCAGAGCACACTGTAT CTGCAGATGAACAGCCTGCGCGCTGAAGACACCGGCACCTACTACTGCGCCAAAAGTAGT TATGACTGTCCTTACGGTCATTGTAGTAGTGGTGTTGATAGTGCTGGTGAGATCGACGCA TGGGGCCACGGGACCGAAGTCATCGTCTCCTCC (SEQ ID NO: 240) Anti-FAM19A5 GCCGTGACGTTGGATGAATCCGGGGGCGGCCTCCAGACGCCCGGAGGAGCGCTCCGCCTC (″6-10″) AGCTGCAAGGCCTCTGGCTTTGATTTTGAAAGCTTCAACATGTTCTGGGTGCGACAGGCG CCCGGCAAGGGGCTGGAATACGTCTCGCAGATTAGCAGCAGTGAAGAAGATGAAAACTAC GCACCCGCGGTGAAAGGCCGTGCCACCATCTCGAGGGACAACGGGCAGAGCACACTGTAT CTGCAGATGAACAGCCTGCGCGCTGAAGACACCGGCACCTACTACTGCGCCAAAAGTAGT TATGACTGTCCTTACGGTCATTGTAGTAGTGGTGTTGATAGTGCTGGTGAGATCGACGCA TGGGGCCACGGGACCGAAGTCATCGTCTCCTCC (SEQ ID NO: 241) Anti-FAM19A5 GCCGTGACGTTGGACGAGTCCGGGGGCGGCCTCCAGACGCCCGGAGGAGCGCTCCGCCTT (″2-13D″) AGCTGCAGCGCCTCCGGGTTCACCTTCAGCAGCCATGGCATGTTCTGGGTGCGACAGGCG CCCGGCAAGGGGTTGGAATATGTCTCGGAGATTACCAATGATGGTAGTGGCACAAACTAC GGGTCGGCGGTGAAGGGCCGTGCCACCATCTCGAGGGACAACGGGCAGAGCACACTGTAT CTGCAGATGAACAGCCTCAGGGCTGAGGACACCGGCACCTACTTCTGCGCCAGATCTACT TATGAATGTCCTGGTGGTTTTAGTTGTTGGGGTGATACTGGTCAAATAGACGCATGGGGC CACGGGACCGAAGTCATCGTCTCCTCC (SEQ ID NO: 242) Anti-FAM19A5 GCCGTGACGTTGGACGAGTCCGGGGGCGGCCTCCAGACGCCCGGAGGAGCGCTCCGCCTT (″2-13D-37″) AGCTGCAGCGCCTCCGGGTTCGATTTCAGCAGCCATGGCATGTTCTGGGTGCGACAGGCG CCCGGCAAGGGGTTGGAATATGTCTCGGAGATTACCAATGATGGTAGTGGCACAAACTAC GGGTCGGCGGTGAAGGGCCGTGCCACCATCTCGAGGGACAACGGGCAGAGCACACTGTAT CTGCAGATGAACAGCCTCAGGGCTGAGGACACCGGCACCTACTTCTGCGCCAGATCTACT TATGAATGTCCTGGTGGTTTTAGTTGTTGGGGTGATACTGGTCAAATAGACGCATGGGGC CACGGGACCGAAGTCATCGTCTCCTCC (SEQ ID NO: 276) Anti-FAM19A5 GCCGTGACGTTGGACGAGTCCGGGGGCGGCCTCCAGACGCCCGGAGGAGCGCTCCGCCTT (″2-13D-37- AGCTGCAGCGCCTCCGGGTTCGATTTCAGCAGCCATGGCATGTTCTGGGTGCGACAGGCG 1.5W-41″) CCCGGCAAGGGGTTGGAATATGTCTCGGAGATTACCAATGATGGTAGTGGCACAAACTAC GGGTCGGCGGTGAAGGGCCGTGCCACCATCTCGAGGGACAACGGGCAGAGCACACTGTAT CTGCAGATGAACAGCCTCAGGGCTGAGGACACCGGCACCTACTTCTGCGCCAGATCTTCT TATGTTTGTCCTGGTGGTTTTAGTTGTTGGGGTGATACTGGTCAAATAGACGCATGGGGC CACGGGACCGAAGTCATCGTCTCCTCC (SEQ ID NO: 243) Anti-FAM19A5 GCCGTGACGTTGGACGAGTCCGGGGGCGGCCTCCAGACGCCCGGAGGAGCGCTCCGCCTT (″2-13D-37-3W- AGCTGCAGCGCCTCCGGGTTCGATTTCAGCAGCCATGGCATGTTCTGGGTGCGACAGGCG 16″) CCCGGCAAGGGGTTGGAATATGTCTCGGAGATTACCAATGATGGTAGTGGCACAAACTAC GGGTCGGCGGTGAAGGGCCGTGCCACCATCTCGAGGGACAACGGGCAGAGCACACTGTAT CTGCAGATGAACAGCCTCAGGGCTGAGGACACCGGCACCTACTTCTGCGCCAGATCTAAT TATGCTTGTCCTGGTGGTTTTAGTTGTTGGGGTGATACTGGTCAAATAGACGCATGGGGC CACGGGACCGAAGTCATCGTCTCCTCC (SEQ ID NO: 258)

TABLE 7 Variable light chain polynucleotide sequence Antibody Variable Light Chain Polynucleotide Sequence (SEQ ID NO) Anti-FAM19A5 ctgactcagC cgtcctcggt gtcagcaaac cctggggaaa ctgtcaagat (1-65) cacctgetcc gggggtggta gcagtggcta tggttatggc tggtatcagc agaagtcacc tagcagtgcc cctctcactg tgatctactg gaacgacaag agaccctcgg acatcccttc acgattctcc ggttccaaat ccggctccac acacacatta accatcactg gggtccaagc cgaggacgag gctgtatatt tctgtgggaa tgatgactac agcagtgata gtggatatgt cggtgtattt ggggccggga caaccctgac ctta (SEQ ID NO: 49) Anti-FAM19A5 GGCCCTGACTCAGCCGTCCTCGGTGTCAGCAAACCCAGGAGAAACCGTCAAGATCACCTG (3-2) CTCCGGGGGTGGCAGCTATGCTGGAAGTTACTATTATGGCTGGTACCAGCAGAAGGCACC TGGCAGTGCCCCTGTCACTCTGATCTATGAAAGCAACAAGAGACCCTCGGACATCCCTTC ACGATTCTCCGGTTCCACATCTGGCTCCACAGCCACACTAACCATCACTGGGGTCCAAGC CGATGACGAGGCTATCTATTACTGTGGGAGCTGGGACAGTAGCAATGGTGGTATATTTGG GGCCGGGACAACCCTGACCGTCCTAGG (SEQ ID NO: 48) Anti-FAM19A5 GGCCCTGACTCAGCCGTCCTCGGTGTCAGCAAACCCAGGAGAAACCGTCAAGATAACCTG (2-13) CTCCGGGGGTAGCTATAGCTATGGCTGGTTCCAGCAGAAGTCTCCTGGCAGTGCCCTTGT CACTGTGATCTACTGGGATGATGAGAGACCCTCGGACATCCCTTCACGATTCTCCGGTGC CCTATCCGGCTCCACAAACACATTAACCATCACTGGGGTCCAAGCCGACGACGAGGCTGT CTATTTCTGTGGGACTGAAGACATCAGCGGCACTGCTGGTGTATTTGGGGCCGGGACAAC CCTGACCGTCCTGGG (SEQ ID NO: 47) Anti-FAM19A5 GCCCTGACTCAGCCGTCCTCGGTGTCAGCAAACCTGGAAGGAACCGTCGAGATCACCTGC (1-28) TCCGGGAGTGGCTATGGTTATGGCTGGTATCAGCAGAAGTCTCCTGGCAGTGCCCCTGTC ACTGTGATCTATCAGAACGACAAGAGACCCTCGGACATCCCTTCACGATTCTCCGGTTCC AAATCCGGCTCCACGGGCACATTAACCATCACTGGGGTCCAAGTCGAGGACGAGGCTGTC TATTACTGTGGGAGTGAAGACAGCAGCACTCTTGCTGGTATATTTGGGGCCGGGACAACC CTGACCGTCCTA (SEQ ID NO: 50) Anti-FAM19A5 GAGCTCGATATGACCCAGACTCCATCCTCCGTGTCTGCAGCTGTGGGAGGCACAGTCACC (P2-C12) ATCAAGTGCCAGGCCAGTCAGAGCATTAGTAGCTACTTATCCTGGTATCAGCAGAAACCA GGGCAGCCTCCCAAGCTCCTGATCTATGAAGCATCCAAACTGGCCTCTGGGGTCCCATCG CGGTTCAGCGGCAGTGGATATGGGACAGAGTTCACTCTCACCATCAGCGACCTGGAGTGT GCCGATGCTGCCACTTACTACTGTCAACAGGGTTATAGTAGTACTAATGTTTGGAATGCT TTCGGCGGAGGCACCAATGTGGAAATCAAA (SEQ ID NO: 178) Anti-FAM19A5 GCCCTGACTCAGCCGTCCTCGGTGTCAGCAAACCCTGGGGAAACTGTTCGTATCACCTGC (SS01-13) TCCGGGGGTGCTAGCAGTGGCTATGGTTATGGCTGGTATCAGCAGAAGCCTAGCAGTGCC CCTCTCACTGTGATCTACAAAGACGACGAAAGACCCTCGGACATCCCTTCACGATTCTCC GGTTCCTCTTCCGGCTCCACACACACATTAACCATCACTGGGGTCCAAGCCGAGGACGAG GCTGTATATTTCTGTGGGAATGATGACTACAGCAGTGATAGTGGATATGTCGGTGTATTT GGGGCCGGGACAACCCTGACCGTCCTA (SEQ ID NO: 274) Anti-FAM19A5 GCCCTGACTCAGCCGTCCTCGGTGTCAGCAAACCCTGGGGAAACTGCGCGTATCACCTGC (SS01-13-S5) TCCGGTGGTGCTAGCAGTGGCTATGGTTATGGCTGGTATCAGCAGAAGCCTAGCAGTGCC CCTCTCACTGTGATCTACAAAGACTCTGAAAGACCCTCGGACATCCCTTCACGATTCTCC GGTTCCTCTTCCGGCTCCACACACACATTAACCATCAGCGGGGTCCAAGCCGAGGACGAG GCTGTATATTTCTGTGGGAATGATGACTACAGCAGTGATAGTGGATATGTCGGTGTATTT GGGGCCGGGACAACCCTGACCGTCCTA (SEQ ID NO: 206) Anti-FAM19A5 GCCCTGACTCAGCCGTCCTCGGTGTCAGCAAACCCTGGGGAAACTGCGCGTATCACCTGC (″S5-2.GKNG″) TCCGGTGGTGCTAGCAGTGGCTATGGTTATGGCTGGTATCAGCAGAAGCCTAGCAGTGCC CCTCTCACTGTGATCTACAAAGACTCTGAAAGACCCTCGGACATCCCTTCACGATTCTCC GGTTCCTCTTCCGGCTCCACACACACATTAACCATCAGCGGGGTCCAAGCCGAGGACGAG GCTGTATATTTCTGTGGGAATGATGACTACAGCAGTGATAGTGGATATGTCGGTGTATTT GGGGCCGGGACAACCCTGACCGTCCTA (SEQ ID NO: 256) Anti-FAM19A5 GCCCTGACTCAGCCGTCCTCGGTGTCAGCAAACCCAGGAGAAACCGTCAAGATCACCTGC (″1-7A-IT″) TCCGGGGGTGGCAGCTATGCTGGAAGTTACTATTATGGCTGGTATCAGCAGAAGCCTGGC AGTGCCCCTGTCACTCTGATCTATGAAAACAACAAGAGACCCTCGGACATCCCTTCACGA TTCTCCGGTTCCACATCTGGCTCCACAGCCACACTAACCATCACTGGGGTCCAAGCCGGC GACGAGGCTGATTATTACTGTGGGAGCTGGGACAGTAGCAATGGTGGTATATTTGGGGCC GGGACAACCCTGACCGTCCTA (SEQ ID NO: 244) Anti-FAM19A5 GCCCTGACTCAGCCGTCCTCGGTGTCAGCAAACCCAGGAGAAACCGTCAAGATCACCTGC (″LOW-PI″) TCCGGGGGTGGCAGCTATGCTGGAAGTTACTATTATGGCTGGTATCAGCAGAAGCCTGGC AGTGCCCCTGTCACTCTGATCTATGAAAACAACAAGAGACCCTCGGACATCCCTTCACGA TTCTCCGGTTCCACATCTGGCTCCACAGCCACACTAACCATCACTGGGGTCCAAGCCGGC GACGAGGCTGATTATTACTGTGGGAGCTGGGACAGTAGCAATGGTGGTATATTTGGGGCC GGGACAACCCTGACCGTCCTA (SEQ ID NO: 245) Anti-FAM19A5 GCCCTGACTCAGCCGTCCTCGGTGTCAGCAAACCCAGGAGAAACCGTCAAGATCACCTGC (″1-30″) TCCGGGGGTGGCAGCGAAGAAGAACAGTACTATTATGGCTGGTATCAGCAGAAGCCTGGC AGTGCCCCTGTCACTCTGATCTATCAGGATGAAGAAAGACCCTCGGACATCCCTTCACGA TTCTCCGGTTCCACATCTGGCTCCACAGCCACACTAACCATCACTGGGGTCCAAGCCGGC GACGAGGCTGATTATTACTGTGGGAGCTGGGACAGTGAAGATGAAGATCATTTTGGGGCC GGGACAACCCTGACCGTCCTA (SEQ ID NO: 246) Anti-FAM19A5 GCCCTGACTCAGCCGTCCTCGGTGTCAGCAAACCCAGGAGAAACCGTCAAGATCACCTGC (″1-17″) TCCGGGGGTGGCAGCTATGCTGGAAGTTACTATTATGGCTGGTATCAGCAGAAGCCTGGC AGTGCCCCTGTCACTCTGATCTATGAAGATGAACAGAGACCCTCGGACATCCCTTCACGA TTCTCCGGTTCCACATCTGGCTCCACAGCCACACTAACCATCACTGGGGTCCAAGCCGGC GACGAGGCTGATTATTACTGTGGGAGCTGGGACAGTGAAGATGAAGATCATTTTGGGGCC GGGACAACCCTGACCGTCCTA (SEQ ID NO: 247) Anti-FAM19A5 GCCCTGACTCAGCCGTCCTCGGTGTCAGCAAACCCAGGAGAAACCGTCAAGATCACCTGC (″1-32″) TCCGGGGGTGGCAGCTATGCTGGAAGTTACTATTATGGCTGGTATCAGCAGAAGCCTGGC AGTGCCCCTGTCACTCTGATCTATCAGGATGAAGAAAGACCCTCGGACATCCCTTCACGA TTCTCCGGTTCCACATCTGGCTCCACAGCCACACTAACCATCACTGGGGTCCAAGCCGGC GACGAGGCTGATTATTACTGTGGGAGCTGGGACAGTGAAGATGAAGATCATTTTGGGGCC GGGACAACCCTGACCGTCCTA (SEQ ID NO: 248) Anti-FAM19A5 GCCCTGACTCAGCCGTCCTCGGTGTCAGCAAACCCAGGAGAAACCGTCAAGATCACCTGC (″4-11″) TCCGGGGGTGGCAGCTATGCTGGAAGTTACTATTATGGCTGGTATCAGCAGAAGCCTGGC AGTGCCCCTGTCACTCTGATCTATGAAGACCACGAGAGACCCTCGGACATCCCTTCACGA TTCTCCGGTTCCACATCTGGCTCCACAGCCACACTAACCATCACTGGGGTCCAAGCCGGC GACGAGGCTGATTATTACTGTGGGAGCTGGGACAGTAGCGATGAAGATCATTTTGGGGCC GGGACAACCCTGACCGTCCTA (SEQ ID NO: 249) Anti-FAM19A5 GCCCTGACTCAGCCGTCCTCGGTGTCAGCAAACCCAGGAGAAACCGTCAAGATCACCTGC (″6-10″) TCCGGGGGTGGCAGCTATGCTGGAAGTTACTATTATGGCTGGTATCAGCAGAAGCCTGGC AGTGCCCCTGTCACTCTGATCTATCAGGATCTGCTGAGACCCTCGGACATCCCTTCACGA TTCTCCGGTTCCACATCTGGCTCCACAGCCACACTAACCATCACTGGGGTCCAAGCCGGC GACGAGGCTGATTATTACTGTGGGAGCTGGGACAGTCTGAGCAGCAGCCATTTTGGGGCC GGGACAACCCTGACCGTCCTA (SEQ ID NO: 250) Anti-FAM19A5 GCCCTGACTCAGCCGTCCTCGGTGTCAGCAAACCCAGGAGAAACCGCGAAGATAACCTGC (″2-13D″) TCCGGGGGTGTGTATAGCTATGGCTGGTTCCAGCAGAAGCCTGGCAGTGCCCTTGTCACT GTGATCTACTGGGATGATGAGAGACCCTCGGACATCCCTTCACGATTCTCCGGTGCCCTA TCCGGCTCCACAAACACATTAACCATCACTGGGGTCCAAGCCGAAGACGAGGCTGATTAT TATTGTGGGACTGAAGACATCAGCGGCACTGCTGGTGTATTTGGGGCCGGGACAACCCTG ACCGTCCTG (SEQ ID NO: 251) Anti-FAM19A5 GCCCTGACTCAGCCGTCCTCGGTGTCAGCAAACCCAGGAGAAACCGCGAAGATAACCTGC (″2-13D-37″) TCCGGGGGTGTGTATAGCTATGGCTGGTTCCAGCAGAAGCCTGGCAGTGCCCTTGTCACT GTGATCTACTGGGATGATGAGAGACCCTCGGACATCCCTTCACGATTCTCCGGTGCCCTA TCCGGCTCCACAAACACATTAACCATCACTGGGGTCCAAGCCGAAGACGAGGCTGATTAT TATTGTGGGACTGAAGACATCAGCGGCACTGCTGGTGTATTTGGGGCCGGGACAACCCTG ACCGTCCTG (SEQ ID NO: 277) Anti-FAM19A5 GCCCTGACTCAGCCGTCCTCGGTGTCAGCAAACCCAGGAGAAACCGCGAAGATAACCTGC (″2-13D-37- TCCGGGGGTGTGTATAGCTATGGCTGGTTCCAGCAGAAGCCTGGCAGTGCCCTTGTCACT 1.5W-41″) GTGATCTACTGGGATGATGAGAGACCCTCGGACATCCCTTCACGATTCTCCGGTGCCCTA TCCGGCTCCACAAACACATTAACCATCACTGGGGTCCAAGCCGAAGACGAGGCTGATTAT TATTGTGGGACTGAAGACATCAGCGGCACTGCTGGTGTATTTGGGGCCGGGACAACCCTG ACCGTCCTG (SEQ ID NO: 252) Anti-FAM19A5 GCCCTGACTCAGCCGTCCTCGGTGTCAGCAAACCCAGGAGAAACCGCGAAGATAACCTGC (″2-13D-37-3W- TCCGGGGGTGTGTATAGCTATGGCTGGTTCCAGCAGAAGCCTGGCAGTGCCCTTGTCACT 16″) GTGATCTACTGGGATGATGAGAGACCCTCGGACATCCCTTCACGATTCTCCGGTGCCCTA TCCGGCTCCACAAACACATTAACCATCACTGGGGTCCAAGCCGAAGACGAGGCTGATTAT TATTGTGGGACTGAAGACATCAGCGGCACTGCTGGTGTATTTGGGGCCGGGACAACCCTG ACCGTCCTG (SEQ ID NO: 259)

A method for making an anti-FAM19A5 antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, as disclosed herewith can comprise expressing the relevant heavy chain and light chain of the antibody in a cell line comprising the nucleotide sequences encoding the heavy and light chains with a signal peptide, e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 43 and 47, SEQ ID NOs: 44 and 48, SEQ ID NOs: 45 and 49, SEQ ID NOs: 46 and 50, SEQ ID NOs: 177 and 178, respectively. Host cells comprising these nucleotide sequences are encompassed herein.

Once DNA fragments encoding VH and VL segments are obtained, these DNA fragments can be further manipulated by standard recombinant DNA techniques, for example to convert the variable region genes to full-length antibody chain genes, to Fab fragment genes or to a scFv gene. In these manipulations, a VL- or VH-encoding DNA fragment is operatively linked to another DNA fragment encoding another protein, such as an antibody constant region or a flexible linker. The term “operatively linked”, as used in this context, is intended to mean that the two DNA fragments are joined such that the amino acid sequences encoded by the two DNA fragments remain in-frame.

The isolated DNA encoding the VH region can be converted to a full-length heavy chain gene by operatively linking the VH-encoding DNA to another DNA molecule encoding heavy chain constant regions (hinge, CH1, CH2 and/or CH3). The sequences of human heavy chain constant region genes are known in the art (see, e.g., Kabat, E. A., et al., (1991) Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242) and DNA fragments encompassing these regions can be obtained by standard PCR amplification. The heavy chain constant region can be an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA, IgE, IgM, or IgD constant region, for example, an IgG2 and/or IgG4 constant region. For a Fab fragment heavy chain gene, the VH-encoding DNA can be operatively linked to another DNA molecule encoding only the heavy chain CH1 constant region.

The isolated DNA encoding the VL region can be converted to a full-length light chain gene (as well as a Fab light chain gene) by operatively linking the VL-encoding DNA to another DNA molecule encoding the light chain constant region, CL. The sequences of human light chain constant region genes are known in the art (see, e.g., Kabat, E. A., et al., (1991) Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242) and DNA fragments encompassing these regions can be obtained by standard PCR amplification. The light chain constant region can be a kappa or lambda constant region.

To create a scFv gene, the VH- and VL-encoding DNA fragments are operatively linked to another fragment encoding a flexible linker, e.g., encoding the amino acid sequence (Gly4-Ser)3, such that the VH and VL sequences can be expressed as a contiguous single-chain protein, with the VL and VH regions joined by the flexible linker (see, e.g., Bird et al., (1988) Science 242:423-426; Huston et al., (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:5879-5883; McCafferty et al., (1990) Nature 348:552-554).

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a vector comprising an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an antibody or antigen binding portion thereof. In other embodiments, the vectors can be used for gene therapy.

Suitable vectors for the disclosure include expression vectors, viral vectors, and plasmid vectors. In some embodiments, the vector is a viral vector.

As used herein, an expression vector refers to any nucleic acid construct which contains the necessary elements for the transcription and translation of an inserted coding sequence, or in the case of an RNA viral vector, the necessary elements for replication and translation, when introduced into an appropriate host cell. Expression vectors can include plasmids, phagemids, viruses, and derivatives thereof.

VI. Antibody Production

Anti-FAM19A5 antibodies, or antigen-binding fragments thereof, disclosed herein can be produced by any method known in the art for the synthesis of antibodies, for example, by chemical synthesis or by recombinant expression techniques. The methods described herein employs, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques in molecular biology, microbiology, genetic analysis, recombinant DNA, organic chemistry, biochemistry, PCR, oligonucleotide synthesis and modification, nucleic acid hybridization, and related fields within the skill of the art. These techniques are described, for example, in the references cited herein and are fully explained in the literature. See, e.g., Maniatis T et al., (1982) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; Sambrook J et al., (1989), Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; Sambrook J et al., (2001) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Ausubel F M et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons (1987 and annual updates); Current Protocols in Immunology, John Wiley & Sons (1987 and annual updates) Gait (ed.) (1984) Oligonucleotide Synthesis: A Practical Approach, IRL Press; Eckstein (ed.) (1991) Oligonucleotides and Analogues: A Practical Approach, IRL Press; Birren B et al., (eds.) (1999) Genome Analysis: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

In some embodiments, an antibody useful in the methods disclosed herein is an antibody (e.g., recombinant antibody) prepared, expressed, created or isolated by any means that involves creation, e.g., via synthesis, genetic engineering of DNA sequences. In certain embodiments, such antibody comprises sequences (e.g., DNA sequences or amino acid sequences) that do not naturally exist within the antibody germline repertoire of an animal or mammal (e.g., human) in vivo.

VII. Pharmaceutical Compositions

Provided herein are compositions comprising an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof useful for the methods described herein having the desired degree of purity in a physiologically acceptable carrier, excipient or stabilizer (Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (1990) Mack Publishing Co., Easton, PA). Acceptable carriers, excipients, or stabilizers are nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed, and include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid and methionine; preservatives (such as octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride; hexamethonium chloride; benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride; phenol, butyl or benzyl alcohol; alkyl parabens such as methyl or propyl paraben; catechol; resorcinol; cyclohexanol; 3-pentanol; and m-cresol); low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, histidine, arginine, or lysine; monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugars such as sucrose, mannitol, trehalose or sorbitol; salt-forming counter-ions such as sodium; metal complexes (e.g., Zn-protein complexes); and/or non-ionic surfactants such as TWEEN™, PLURONICS™ or polyethylene glycol (PEG).

In a specific embodiment, pharmaceutical compositions comprise an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof, a bispecific molecule, or a immunoconjugate described herein, and optionally one or more additional prophylactic or therapeutic agents, in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In a specific embodiment, pharmaceutical compositions comprise an effective amount of an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof described herein, and optionally one or more additional prophylactic of therapeutic agents, in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the antibody is the only active ingredient included in the pharmaceutical composition. Pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be useful in enhancing, inducing or activating a FAM19A5 activity and treating a condition, such as central nervous system damage, a degenerative brain disorder, or a neuropathic pain.

Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers used in parenteral preparations include aqueous vehicles, nonaqueous vehicles, antimicrobial agents, isotonic agents, buffers, antioxidants, local anesthetics, suspending and dispersing agents, emulsifying agents, sequestering or chelating agents and other pharmaceutically acceptable substances. Examples of aqueous vehicles include Sodium Chloride Injection, Ringers Injection, Isotonic Dextrose Injection, Sterile Water Injection, Dextrose and Lactated Ringers Injection. Nonaqueous parenteral vehicles include fixed oils of vegetable origin, cottonseed oil, corn oil, sesame oil and peanut oil. Antimicrobial agents in bacteriostatic or fungistatic concentrations can be added to parenteral preparations packaged in multiple-dose containers which include phenols or cresols, mercurials, benzyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, methyl and propyl p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters, thimerosal, benzalkonium chloride and benzethonium chloride. Isotonic agents include sodium chloride and dextrose. Buffers include phosphate and citrate. Antioxidants include sodium bisulfate. Local anesthetics include procaine hydrochloride. Suspending and dispersing agents include sodium carboxymethylcelluose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Emulsifying agents include Polysorbate 80 (TWEEN® 80). A sequestering or chelating agent of metal ions includes EDTA. Pharmaceutical carriers also include ethyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol for water miscible vehicles; and sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, citric acid or lactic acid for pH adjustment.

A pharmaceutical composition can be formulated for any route of administration to a subject. Specific examples of routes of administration include intranasal, oral, parenterally, intrathecally, intra-cerebroventricularly, pulmonarily, subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, intravitreally, or intraventricularly. Parenteral administration, characterized by either subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous injection, is also contemplated herein. Injectables can be prepared in conventional forms, either as liquid solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solution or suspension in liquid prior to injection, or as emulsions. The injectables, solutions and emulsions also contain one or more excipients. Suitable excipients are, for example, water, saline, dextrose, glycerol or ethanol. In addition, if desired, the pharmaceutical compositions to be administered can also contain minor amounts of non-toxic auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents, stabilizers, solubility enhancers, and other such agents, such as for example, sodium acetate, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate and cyclodextrins.

Preparations for parenteral administration of an antibody include sterile solutions ready for injection, sterile dry soluble products, such as lyophilized powders, ready to be combined with a solvent just prior to use, including hypodermic tablets, sterile suspensions ready for injection, sterile dry insoluble products ready to be combined with a vehicle just prior to use and sterile emulsions. The solutions can be either aqueous or nonaqueous.

If administered intravenously, suitable carriers include physiological saline or phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and solutions containing thickening and solubilizing agents, such as glucose, polyethylene glycol, and polypropylene glycol and mixtures thereof.

Topical mixtures comprising an antibody are prepared as described for the local and systemic administration. The resulting mixture can be a solution, suspension, emulsions or the like and can be formulated as creams, gels, ointments, emulsions, solutions, elixirs, lotions, suspensions, tinctures, pastes, foams, aerosols, irrigations, sprays, suppositories, bandages, dermal patches or any other formulations suitable for topical administration.

An antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof described herein can be formulated as an aerosol for topical application, such as by inhalation (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,044,126, 4,414,209 and 4,364,923, which describe aerosols for delivery of a steroid useful for treatment of inflammatory diseases, particularly asthma). These formulations for administration to the respiratory tract can be in the form of an aerosol or solution for a nebulizer, or as a microtine powder for insufflations, alone or in combination with an inert carrier such as lactose. In such a case, the particles of the formulation will, in some embodiments, have diameters of less than 50 microns, in some embodiments less than 10 microns.

An antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof described herein can be formulated for local or topical application, such as for topical application to the skin and mucous membranes, such as in the eye, in the form of gels, creams, and lotions and for application to the eye or for intracisternal or intraspinal application. Topical administration is contemplated for transdermal delivery and also for administration to the eyes or mucosa, or for inhalation therapies. Nasal solutions of the antibody alone or in combination with other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients can also be administered.

Transdermal patches, including iontophoretic and electrophoretic devices, are well known to those of skill in the art, and can be used to administer an antibody. For example, such patches are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,267,983, 6,261,595, 6,256,533, 6,167,301, 6,024,975, 6,010,715, 5,985,317, 5,983,134, 5,948,433, and 5,860,957.

In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof described herein is a lyophilized powder, which can be reconstituted for administration as solutions, emulsions and other mixtures. It can also be reconstituted and formulated as solids or gels. The lyophilized powder is prepared by dissolving an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, in a suitable solvent. In some embodiments, the lyophilized powder is sterile. The solvent can contain an excipient which improves the stability or other pharmacological component of the powder or reconstituted solution, prepared from the powder. Excipients that can be used include, but are not limited to, dextrose, sorbitol, fructose, corn syrup, xylitol, glycerin, glucose, sucrose or other suitable agent. The solvent can also contain a buffer, such as citrate, sodium or potassium phosphate or other such buffer known to those of skill in the art at, in some embodiments, about neutral pH. Subsequent sterile filtration of the solution followed by lyophilization under standard conditions known to those of skill in the art provides the desired formulation. In some embodiments, the resulting solution will be apportioned into vials for lyophilization. Each vial will contain a single dosage or multiple dosages of the compound. The lyophilized powder can be stored under appropriate conditions, such as at about 4° C. to room temperature.

Reconstitution of this lyophilized powder with water for injection provides a formulation for use in parenteral administration. For reconstitution, the lyophilized powder is added to sterile water or other suitable carrier. The precise amount depends upon the selected compound. Such amount can be empirically determined.

The antibodies or antigen-binding portions thereof, the bispecific molecule, or the immunoconjugate described herein and other compositions provided herein can also be formulated to be targeted to a particular tissue, receptor, or other area of the body of the subject to be treated. Many such targeting methods are well known to those of skill in the art. All such targeting methods are contemplated herein for use in the instant compositions. For non-limiting examples of targeting methods, see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,316,652, 6,274,552, 6,271,359, 6,253,872, 6,139,865, 6,131,570, 6,120,751, 6,071,495, 6,060,082, 6,048,736, 6,039,975, 6,004,534, 5,985,307, 5,972,366, 5,900,252, 5,840,674, 5,759,542 and 5,709,874. In a specific embodiment, an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof described herein is targeted to treat a central nervous system damage, a degenerative brain disorder, or a neuropathic pain.

The compositions to be used for in vivo administration can be sterile. This is readily accomplished by filtration through, e.g., sterile filtration membranes.

VIII. Kits

Provided herein are kits comprising one or more antibodies useful in the methods described herein, or antigen-binding portions thereof, bispecific molecules, or immunoconjugates thereof. In a specific embodiment, provided herein is a pharmaceutical pack or kit comprising one or more containers filled with one or more of the ingredients of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein, such as one or more antibodies provided herein or an antigen-binding portion thereof, optional an instructing for use. In some embodiments, the kits contain a pharmaceutical composition described herein and any prophylactic or therapeutic agent, such as those described herein.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are offered by way of illustration and not by way of limitation.

Example 1 Expression and Purification of Human FAM19A5 Protein

Recombinant human FAM19A5 protein was produced and purified as described below and the purified protein was used in an antibody screening assay based on binding affinity analysis. First, LPS-hT plasmid expressing the FAM19A5 gene was transformed into bacteria and protein over-expression was induced. Once produced, the FAM19A5 protein was purified using an Ni-NTA affinity chromatography (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA). Using gradually higher concentration of imidazole, we removed the His-tagged FAM19A5 protein from the Ni-column. The protein expression in the solution is measured using Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 Dye. Taking only the FAM19A5 immidazole containing solution, we concentrated the FAM19A5 protein using PBS. When the concentration was complete, both the purity and concentration of the FAM19A5 protein were measured using a Western Blot assay. The concentrated protein was subsequently used to screen for FAM19A5-specific antibodies.

Example 2 Production of Antibody Libraries FAM19A5

1. Immunization

A FAM19A5 peptide was synthesized, conjugated at the C-terminal end to KLH (Anygen), and used as antigen for immunization of a chicken. 50 μL of the synthetic peptide (VTLDRDSSQPRRTIARQT) KLH conjugate (SEQ ID NO: 262) was mixed in 750 μL phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and incubated at 37° C. for 30 minutes. Afterwards, the toxin is removed in a 2% squalene endotoxin MPL (monophosphorylate lipid A species) and mycobacteria (mycobacteria) of the cell wall components of TDW and CWS containing a water-in-oil emulsion adjuvant (RIBI+MPL+TDM+CWS adjuvant, Sigma, St. Louis, Mo, USA) in emulsified, which was then subcutaneously injected into three chickens. The chickens were immunized for a total of three times, approximately 2-3 weeks apart between immunization. The titer of the antibodies obtained from the immunized chickens was measured via immune blotting using lysates of HEK293T cells which overexpressed the FAM19A5 protein. Sera from chickens that received the three immunizations were used as primary antibody. The secondary antibody used was anti-chicken IgG(Y) polyclonal antibody conjugated to HRP (Horseradish peroxidase) (Rabbit anti-chicken IgG (Y)-HRP, Millipore corporation, Billeria, MA, USA).

2. Preparing of Single-Chain Variable Fragment (scFv) Library from Immunized Chicken

Using TRI reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA USA), we extracted RNAs from the spleen, bone marrow, and synovial sac of the immunized chickens described above. Oligo-dT primers and SUPERSCRIPT™ III First-Strand Synthesis System (Invitrogen) were used to synthesize the first strand cDNA. For the cDNA obtained from the immune system of chickens, Expand High Fidelity PCR System (Roche Molecular Systems, IN, USA) was used to produce a single chain variable region library. In each reaction, 1 μL of cDNA, 60 pmol of each primer, 10 μL of 10× reaction buffer solution, 8 μL of 2.5 mM dNTP (Promega, Madison, WI, USA), and 0.5 μL of Taq DNA polymerase were mixed with water. The final volume was 100 μL of PCR reaction was performed using the following conditions: 30 cycles of (i) 15 seconds at 94° C. (ii) 30 seconds at 56° C., and (iii) 90 seconds at 72° C., followed by a final extension for 10 minutes at 72° C. The PCR products comprising a fragment having a length of about 350 bp where loaded onto a 1.5% agarose gel and after electrophoresis, QIAGEN Gel II Extraction Kit (QIAGEN, Valencia, CA, USA) was used to purify the nucleotide fragment. The purified PCR product was quantified by reading at OD 260 nm. (1 unit OD=50 μL/mL).

Two VH and VL first product from the second PCR was connected randomly by the overlap extension PCR (Overlap extension PCR). Each PCR reaction was mixed with 100 ng of the purified VL and VH product, 60 pmol of each primer, 10 μL 10× reaction buffer, 8 μL of 2.5 mM dNTP, 0.5 μL of Taq DNA polymerase, and water in a final volume of 100 of PCR was performed under the following conditions: 25 cycles of (i) 15 seconds at 94° C., (ii) 30 seconds at 56° C., and (iii) 2 minutes at 72° C., followed by final extension for 10 minutes at 72° C. The PCR products comprising a single chain variable region fragment having a length of about 700 bp were loaded onto a 1.5% agarose gel and after electrophoresis, QIAGEN II Gel Extraction Kit (QIAGEN) was used to purify the nucleotide fragment. The purified PCR product was quantified by reading at OD 260 nm. (1 unit OD=50/ml).

3. Library, Ligation and Transformation

The scFv fragment of the PCR product and vector pComb3X-SS (The Scripps Research Institute, CA, USA) were digested with a Sfi I restriction enzyme. 10 μg of the purified overlapping PCT product was mixed with 360 units of SifI, Gig DNA per 16 units, Roche Molecular Systems, Pleasanton, CA, USA), 20 μL of a 10× reaction buffer, and water to the final volume with 200 μL. 20 μg of the pComb3X-SS vector was mixed with 120 units of Sfi I (μg DNA per 6 units), 20 μL of a 10× reaction buffer solution, and water to the final volume to 200 μL. The mixture was digested at 50° C. for 8 hours. Afterwards, the digested product comprising the scFv fragment (about 700 bp) and the vector (about 3400 bp) was loaded onto a 1% agarose gel and purified using a Gel Extraction Kit II QIAGEN (QIAGEN, Valencia, CA, USA). 1400 ng of the Sfi I-restricted pComb3X vector and 700 ng of the digested scFv fragments were mixed with 5× a ligase buffer, 10 μL of T4 DNA ligase (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), and water to a final volume of 200 μL. The mixture was incubated at 16° C. for 16 hours to perform the ligation.

After precipitation with ethanol, the DNA pellet was dissolved in 15 μL of water. To produce a library, the ligation sample was transformed into E. coli strain ER2738 (New England Biolabs Inc, Hitchin, Hertfordshine, SG4 OTY, England, UK) via electroporation using the vibrator gene (Gene pulser: Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA). Cells were mixed in a 5 ml Super Broth (SB) medium and incubated while stirring at 250 rpm for one hour at 37° C. Then, 3 μL of 100 mg/mL kanamycin was added to 10 mL of SB medium. To determine the library size, 0.1 μL, 1 μL, and 10 μL of the culture sample were smeared onto Luria Broth (LB) agar plates containing 50 μg/ml of kanamycin. After stirring for 1 hour, 4.5 μL of 100 mg/mL kanamycin was added to the LB culture and further stirred for an additional 1 hour. Then, 2 ml of the VCM13 helper phage in water (>10¹¹ cfu/ml) was added to the LB medium, along with pre-heated LB (183 mL) containing 92.5 μL of 100 mg/mL kanamycin. This mixture was stirred at 250 rpm at 37° C. for an additional 2 hours. Next, 280 μL (50 mg/mL) of kanamycin was added to the culture and stirred overnight at 37° C. The next day, the bacteria pellet was centrifuged using a high-speed centrifuge (Beckman, JA-10 rotor) at 3,000 g, 4° C. Afterwards, the bacterial pellet was used to extract phagemid DNA, while the supernatant was transferred to sterile centrifuge bottles. Next 8 grams of polyethylene glycol-8000 (PEG-8000, Sigma) and 6 grams of sodium chloride was added (NaCl, Merck) to the supernatant, and then kept for 30 minutes in ice. Afterwards, the supernatant was centrifuged 15 minutes at 15,000 g, 4° C. The supernatant was then discarded, and the phage pellet Tris containing 1% BSA—reproduction was suspended in buffered saline (TBS).

Example 3 Library Panning (Bio-Panning) on an Immobilized Antigen

Bio-panning was performed using magnetic beads (Dynabeads M—270 Epoxy, Invitrogen). At room temperature, approximately 1×10⁷ beads were coated with 5 μg of recombinant FAM19A5 protein by stirring, while rotating, the beads and the protein together for 20 hours at room temperature. Once the coating was done, the beads were washed 4 times with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and blocked for one hour in PBS containing 3% BSA at room temperature. Then, the coated beads were cultured for two hours at room temperature with Phage-displayed scFv described above. To remove any phage that was not bound to the antigen coated beads, the beads were washed with 0.05% Tween20/PBS. Then the bound phages were eluted with 50 μL of 0.1M glycine/hydrogen chloride (0.1M Glycine-HCl, pH 2.2) and neutralized with 3 μL of 2M Tris with hydrogen chloride (tris-HCl, pH 9.1). This phage-containing supernatants were used to infect E. coli ER2738 cells and VCSM13 helper phage was used to amplify and rescue overnight. Also the input (input) and production (output) by phage titers from the phage-infected cultures were determined by blotting the phage-infected cultures on LB agar plates containing 50 μg/mL of kanamycin. The next day, PEG-8000 and NaCl were used to precipitate phages, which were used subsequently for bio-panning. Bio-panning was performed up to a total of five different times by repeating the above process. With each amplification, the phages were screened and selected for high affinity to the FAM19A5 protein.

Example 4 Selection of Clone by Phage ELISA

To analyze the clones selected from the bio-panning, we randomly selected individual clones from the phase-displayed scFv and confirmed using ELISA that the clones bind to the FAM19A5 recombinant protein. The FAM19A5 recombinant protein was diluted in 0.1M NaHCO₃ buffer, and 100 ng/well of the protein was used to coat 96-well microtiter plates at 4° C. for 16 hours. Next day, the plates were blocked with 3% BSA/PBS at 37° C. for 1 hour. Then, the phage supernatant was mixed with 6% BSA/PBS and was cultured for 2 hours at 37° C. The plates containing the supernatant were then washed with 0.05% Tween20/PBS. The HRP-conjugated M13 antibody (a-M13-HRP, Pierce Chemical Co, Rockford, IL, USA) was diluted to 1/5000. 50 μl of the diluted antibody was added to the plates and incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. After the incubation and washing, the plates were added with 0.05M citrate buffer solution, 1 μg/mL of 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS, Amresco, Solon, OH, USA), and 0.1% H₂O₂ for color development. The absorbance for each well was measured at 405 nm. FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 1C show the analysis of 96 clones from the 3rd order, 4th order, or 5th order bio-panning derived from the first chicken, the second chicken, and the third chicken.

As shown in FIGS. 1A to 1C, we analyzed 24 clones that bind to the FAM19A5 recombinant protein and show high absorbance and from the 24 clones, we obtained 13 scFv clones having unique sequences. After further selecting the clones, we obtained clone 1-65 having the highest affinity.

Example 5 Production of Anti-FAM19A5-IgG2/4 Antibody

1. Sub-Cloning of Anti-FAM19A5 scFv into a Mammalian Expression Vector

In the FAM19A5 scFv gene sequence, a human Cκgene was connected to the light chain variable domain, and human immunoglobulin isotype IgG2/4 of CH1, CH2, and CH3 genes were connected to the heavy chain variable region. The antibody having each light chain and each heavy chain was synthesized by adding restriction sites (Genscript, USA). The synthesized gene was inserted into the mammalian cell expression vector having a modified restriction site to facilitate cloning. First, the light chain gene was inserted into the vector using Hind III and Xba I (New England Biolabs, UK) restriction enzymes and then adding the heavy chain gene to the vector by using NheI and BamHI (New England Biolabs, UK) restriction enzymes (FIG. 2 ).

2. Purification of the Anti-FAM19A5 Antibody

In order to express and purify an anti-FAM19A5-IgG2/4 antibody, we used a mammalian cell transfection and overexpression injection system. We mixed 2 μg/mL of the mammalian expression vector with 4 μg of polyethyleneimine (PEI, Polysciences, Warrington, PA, USA) in 150 mM sodium chloride (NaCl, Merck) corresponding to 1/10 of the cell culture volume. The mixture was allowed to stand for 15 minutes at room temperature. The mixture was added to HEK293F cells (2×10⁶ cells/ml, Invitrogen), which were then incubated in the FREESTYLE™ 293 expression culture medium containing 100 U/ml of penicillin and streptomycin (Invitrogen) at 7% CO₂ and 37° C. and in a stirring condition of 135 rpm for six days. To purify the expressed anti-FAM19A5 IgG2/4 antibodies from the cell culture supernatant, we used Protein A bead (RepliGen, Waltham, MA, USA) affinity gel chromatography. The protein A chromatography purified antibody was run on 4˜12% Bis-Tris gradient gel electrophoresis. The size and yield of the protein was confirmed by the Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining (FIG. 3 ).

Example 6 Evaluation of Mechanical Hyperalgesia after In Vivo Administration of Anti-FAM19A5 Antibody in Rat Model of Chronic Constrictive Injury

To study whether neutralization of FAM19A5 activity in vivo could relieve neuropathic pain, a rat model of chronic constrictive injury (CCI) was used as described previously by Bennett and Xie, Pain 33(1): 87-107 (1988), Austin et al., J Vis Exp 61: 3393 (2012). Experimental CCI of the sciatic nerve is one of the most widely used models for the study of neuropathic pain and has been reported to induce an inflammatory response in the ipsilateral hind paw. Accordingly, the hind paw withdrawal threshold, as measured, for instance, with a Von Frey test, serves as a good indicator of neuropathic pain.

1. Induction of Neuropathic Pain by Chronic Constriction Injury

Briefly, 6-week old male Sprague-Dawley rats were deeply anesthetized with Zoletil 50 (VIRBAC, France) and xylazine (ROMPUN®, Bayer AG, Germany) IP (intraperitoneal injection). Then, the hair of the rat's lower back and thigh were shaved, and the skin was sterilized with povidone iodine. Next, the skin of the lateral surface of the thigh was incised and the common sciatic nerve was exposed at the level of the middle of the thigh by blunt dissection through biceps femoris. Proximal to the trifurcation of the sciatic nerve about 7 mm of nerve was freed of adhering tissue and 4 ligatures (4.0 black silk) were tied loosely around it with about 1 mm spacing. The length of nerve thus affected was 4-5 mm long. After performing nerve ligation, muscular and skin layer were immediately sutured in layers with thread, and topical antibiotic was applied.

2. Anti-FAM19A5 Antibody Administration

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized using Zoletil 50 (VIRBAC, France) and xylazine (ROMPUN®, Bayer AG, Germany) and divided into four groups as shown in Table 8. One group of rats with chronic constriction injury (“CCI-induced rats”) (G3, n=10) received anti-FAM19A5 antibody (10 μg/rat in 0.1 mL volume) via intrathecal injection. The antibody was administered once a week, for a total of 2 weeks (i.e., at days 7 and 14 post CCI induction). Another group of CCI-induced rats (G2, n=10) were used as “negative control” and received only Human IgG. Another group of CCI-induced rats (G4, n=10) were treated with Pregabalin, a medication used for the treatment of neuropathic pain. The remaining groups of rats (G1, n=10) were used as “sham control” (i.e., no CCI-induction and no administration).

TABLE 8 No. of Identification Group Sex animal of animal CCI-Induction Treatment Administration G1 M 10  1-10 N — — G2 M 10 11-20 Y Human IgG 10 μg/head/week, control intrathecally G3 M 10 21-30 Y FAM19A5 10 μg/head/week, antibody intrathecally G4 M 10 31-40 Y Pregabalin 7.5 mg/head/day, Orally

3. Von Frey Test

At days 6 and 21 post chronic constriction of the sciatic nerve, the paw withdrawal threshold was assessed using the Von Frey test. The rats were placed in an apparatus with a wire mesh floor and allowed to stabilize to the environment for about 20 minutes. Then, the paw withdrawal threshold was measured by applying a Von frey filament (0.5 mm diameter), through the mesh floor, onto the plantar surface of the hind paws 3 times at 10-second intervals.

Results

As shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B, in vivo administration of anti-FAM19A5 antibody after CCI-induction resulted in significantly increased paw withdrawal threshold. Early after administration (e.g., day 6), there was no significant difference among the groups. However, by around day 21 post chronic constriction of the sciatic nerve, significant differences were notable between the treated groups (i.e., anti-FAM19A5 antibody (G3) or Pregabalin (G4)) and the negative control group (G2). For instance, at day 6, the mean paw withdrawal threshold for the negative control (G2) and anti-FAM19A5 antibody treated rats (G3) were 5.1±1.0 and 6.6±2.0, respectively (FIG. 5A). However, at day 21 post chronic constriction of the sciatic nerve, the mean threshold for the negative control (G2) was 5.5±1.3, whereas for the anti-FAM19A5 antibody treated group (G3), the mean threshold was 8.5±1.7 (p<0.01), which is comparable to that of Pregabalin, a medication used for the treatment of neuropathic pain (G4: 8.5±1.7) (FIG. 5B). These results indicate that neutralizing FAM19A5 activity with in vivo administration of anti-FAM19A5 antibody can improve neuropathic pain.

Example 7 Evaluation of Motor Function after In Vivo Administration of Anti-FAM19A5 Antibody

To study whether anti-FAM19A5 antibody treatment could alter motor function, the motor activity of CCI-induced rats were assessed using the Rotarod test. This test serves as a good indicator of any pain or muscle weakness in the lower limbs, resulting from the CCI induction (Chen L et al., 2014, Vadakkan K I et al., 2005). CCI induction and anti-FAM19A5 antibody administration were carried out as described in Example 1.

1. Rotarod Test

Each Sprague-Dawley rat (sham control and CCI-induced) was carefully placed on the Rotarod-treadmill (Biological Research Apparatus 7750, UGO BASILE Inc., Italy) and the rotation speed of the rotarod was increased at regular intervals from 4 rpm to 20 rpm. The latency to fall off was recorded at days 6 (baseline) and 21 post anti-FAM19A5 antibody administration. Motor performance was considered as the latency to fall off the rotarod apparatus determined from the mean time in three trials for each rat at each time.

2. Results

As shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B, in vivo administration of anti-FAM19A5 antibody after CCI-induction resulted in improved latency time (i.e., rats remained on the rotarod apparatus longer). While there were no noticeable differences among the groups at day 6 post chronic constriction of the sciatic nerve (FIG. 6A), by day 21, the anti-FAM19A5 antibody treated rats exhibited much greater latency time compared to the negative control (G2: 64.3±14.1 v. G3: 92.8±11.5), which is comparable to that of Pregabalin (G4: 91.1±17.8) (FIG. 6B). These results indicate that in vivo administration of anti-FAM19A5 antibody after CCI-induction can not only reduce neuropathic pain but also improve motor function.

Example 8: Evaluation of Mechanical Hyperalgesia after In Vivo Administration of Anti-FAM19A5 Antibody in Rat Model of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

To further assess the benefits of neutralizing FAM19A5 activity on neuropathic pain, a rat model of diabetic peripheral neuropathy was used. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by administering streptozotocin (STZ) to the animals (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Blood glucose level was measured approximately a week after the STZ administration, and only those animals with fasting blood glucose level of 300 mg/dL or higher were selected for antibody administration. At about 3 weeks post STZ administration, the selected DPN rats received weekly administrations (total of 8 administrations, i.e., from week 4 to week 11 post STZ administration) of either the control antibody (normal human IgG, “NHI”) or the anti-FAM19A5 antibody (3-2). The antibodies were administered to the animals intrathecally at a dose of 25 μg/rat. Naïve (healthy) animals were used as “sham controls” (i.e., no DPN induction and no antibody administration). At weeks 7 and 11 post STZ administration (i.e., weeks 4 and 8, respectively, after beginning antibody administration), paw withdrawal threshold was measured in the animals using the Von Frey test as described in Example 6.

As shown in FIG. 10 , DPN animals that received the anti-FAM19A5 antibody had significantly higher paw withdrawal threshold compared to those DPN animals that received the control antibody. This increase in threshold was observed at both weeks 7 and 11 post STZ administration (i.e., weeks 4 and 8 post antibody administration, respectively).

Example 9: Evaluation of Thermal Hyperalgesia after In Vivo Administration of Anti-FAM19A5 Antibody in Rat Model of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

Next, to evaluate the effect of anti-FAM19A5 administration on neuropathic pain associated with thermal hyperalgesia, diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) was induced in the Sprague-Dawley rats and either the control (NHI) or the anti-FAM19A5 antibody (3-2) was administered to the animals as described above in Example 8. Then, at weeks 4 and 8 after beginning antibody administration (i.e., weeks 7 and 11 post STZ administration), the animals were placed on a hot plate and the temperature immediately raised to 55° C. Then, the time it took the animals to respond to the elevated temperature (e.g., by jumping or licking their paw) was measured.

As shown in FIGS. 11A and 11B, the DPN animals that received the control antibody were much more sensitive to the heat stimulation with a paw withdrawal latency time of about 6 seconds. In contrast, the DPN rats that received the anti-FAM19A5 antibody had noticeably higher paw withdrawal latency time, both at weeks 4 and 8. The above data further confirm that neutralizing FAM19A5 activity can improve neuropathic pain associated with both mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia.

Example 10 Analysis of Sensory Nerve Conduction Velocity after In Vivo Administration of Anti-FAM19A5 Antibody in Rat Model of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

To determine the effect of anti-FAM19A5 administration on peripheral sensory nerve damage and/or dysfunction, a sensory nerve conduction velocity (SNCV) test was performed. This test can help identify potential nerve damage and/or dysfunction by measuring how fast an electrical signal travels from the descending sensory nerves to the ascending sensory nerves. As described in Example 8, diabetic peripheral neuropathy was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats with STZ administration, and either the control or the anti-FAM19A5 antibody (3-2) was administered to the animals. Then, at 8 weeks after beginning antibody administration, the nerve conduction velocity within the sural nerve was measured. Electrical stimulation was induced using the Viking Quest (Natus Neurology Incorporated, U.S.A.) equipment at 10 mA and 10 μV.

As shown in FIG. 12 , DPN rats that received the anti-FAM19A5 antibody had improved conduction velocity compared to those DPN animals that received the control antibody. This result suggests that neutralizing that FAM19A5 activity may improve and/or reduce peripheral nerve damage/dysfunction, which can help relieve neuropathic pain, as observed in the earlier Examples. Collectively, the above results suggest that FAM19A5 antagonists, such as the anti-FAM19A5 antibodies disclosed herein, can be suitable treatment options for neuropathic pain.

Example 11 Epitope Mapping

Overlapping peptide fragments (F1-F5, See FIG. 9 ) of the human FAM19A5 protein were synthesized and conjugated to BSA. Binding of monoclonal antibody 1-65 to the BSA-conjugated peptide fragments F1-F6 was determined by Western blot analysis. For the Western blot analysis, BSA-conjugated FAM19A5 fragments F1-F6 were separated by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane by the standard procedure. The membrane was incubated with the anti-FAM19A5 antibody 1-65 (2 □g/ml, 1-65-scFv-rabbit Fc-SSS), and the antigen-antibody complexes were detected with the appropriate secondary antibody conjugated with horse-radish peroxidase (anti-rabbit IgG (Fc specific)-HRP, 1:4000 dilution) (FIG. 9 ). As shown in FIG. 9 , the anti-FAM19A5 antibody 1-65 binds strongly to fragment F5. In addition to F5, it also binds to fragments F2 and F3.

It is to be appreciated that the Detailed Description section, and not the Summary and Abstract sections, is intended to be used to interpret the claims. The Summary and Abstract sections can set forth one or more but not all exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure as contemplated by the inventor(s), and thus, are not intended to limit the present disclosure and the appended claims in any way.

The present disclosure has been described above with the aid of functional building blocks illustrating the implementation of specified functions and relationships thereof. The boundaries of these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined herein for the convenience of the description. Alternate boundaries can be defined so long as the specified functions and relationships thereof are appropriately performed.

The foregoing description of the specific embodiments will so fully reveal the general nature of the disclosure that others can, by applying knowledge within the skill of the art, readily modify and/or adapt for various applications such specific embodiments, without undue experimentation, without departing from the general concept of the present disclosure. Therefore, such adaptations and modifications are intended to be within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments, based on the teaching and guidance presented herein. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation, such that the terminology or phraseology of the present specification is to be interpreted by the skilled artisan in light of the teachings and guidance.

The breadth and scope of the present disclosure should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.

All publications, patents, patent applications, internet sites, and accession numbers/database sequences (including both polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences) cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, patent application, internet site, or accession number/database sequence were specifically and individually indicated to be so incorporated by reference.

This application claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/050,056, filed Oct. 23, 2020, which claims benefit to PCT Application No. PCT/IB2019/053400, filed Apr. 24, 2019, which claims priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/661,923, filed Apr. 24, 2018, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 

1-7. (canceled)
 8. A method of increasing a threshold or latency to an external stimulus in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject an antagonist against a family with sequence similarity 19, member A5 (FAM19A5) protein (FAM19A5 antagonist).
 9. The FAM19A5 antagonist for use of claim 8, wherein the external stimulus is a mechanical stimulus, a thermal stimulus or both.
 10. (canceled)
 11. A method of increasing a sensory nerve conduction velocity in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject an antagonist against a family with sequence similarity 19, member A5 (FAM19A5) protein (FAM19A5 antagonist).
 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the FAM19A5 antagonist comprises (i) an antisense oligonucleotide, siRNA, shRNA, miRNA, dsRNA, aptamer, PNA that specifically targets FAM19A5, or a vector including the same, (ii) an antibody, or an antigen-binding portion thereof, that specifically binds to the FAM19A5 protein (anti-FAM19A5 antibody), (iii) a polynucleotide encoding the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, (iv) a vector comprising the polynucleotide, (v) a cell comprising the polynucleotide, or (vi) combinations thereof. 13-21.
 22. The method of claim 12, wherein the anti-FAM19A5 antibody comprises a heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 and a light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3, wherein: (i) the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 89, SEQ ID NO: 95, SEQ ID NO: 101, SEQ ID NO: 107, SEQ ID NO: 113, SEQ ID NO: 119, SEQ ID NO: 125, SEQ ID NO: 131, SEQ ID NO: 137, SEQ ID NO: 143, SEQ ID NO: 149, SEQ ID NO: 207, SEQ ID NO: 209, SEQ ID NO: 211, or SEQ ID NO: 212; (ii) the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 90, SEQ ID NO: 96, SEQ ID NO: 102, SEQ ID NO: 108, SEQ ID NO: 114, SEQ ID NO: 120, SEQ ID NO: 126, SEQ ID NO: 132, SEQ ID NO: 138, SEQ ID NO: 144, SEQ ID NO: 150, SEQ ID NO: 208, SEQ ID NO: 210, SEQ ID NO: 263, or SEQ ID NO: 264; (iii) the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 91, SEQ ID NO: 97, SEQ ID NO: 103, SEQ ID NO: 109, SEQ ID NO: 115, SEQ ID NO: 121, SEQ ID NO: 127, SEQ ID NO: 133, SEQ ID NO: 139, SEQ ID NO: 145, SEQ ID NO: 151, SEQ ID NO: 260, or SEQ ID NO: 261; (iv) the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 92, SEQ ID NO: 98, SEQ ID NO: 104, SEQ ID NO: 110, SEQ ID NO: 116, SEQ ID NO: 122, SEQ ID NO: 128, SEQ ID NO: 134, SEQ ID NO: 140, SEQ ID NO: 146, SEQ ID NO: 152, SEQ ID NO: 201, SEQ ID NO: 214, or SEQ ID NO: 253; (v) the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 30, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 93, SEQ ID NO: 99, SEQ ID NO: 105, SEQ ID NO: 111, SEQ ID NO: 117, SEQ ID NO: 123, SEQ ID NO: 129, SEQ ID NO: 135, SEQ ID NO: 141, SEQ ID NO: 147, SEQ ID NO: 153, SEQ ID NO: 202, SEQ ID NO: 213, SEQ ID NO: 215, SEQ ID NO: 217, SEQ ID NO: 218, SEQ ID NO: 219, SEQ ID NO: 221, or SEQ ID NO: 270; and/or (vi) the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 31, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 94, SEQ ID NO: 100, SEQ ID NO: 106, SEQ ID NO: 112, SEQ ID NO: 118, SEQ ID NO: 124, SEQ ID NO: 130, SEQ ID NO: 136, SEQ ID NO: 142, SEQ ID NO: 148, SEQ ID NO: 154, SEQ ID NO: 216, SEQ ID NO: 220, or SEQ ID NO:
 222. 23-28. (canceled)
 29. The method of claim 22, wherein: (i) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 17, 18, and 19, respectively, and the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 29, 30, and 31, respectively; (ii) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 14, 15, and 16, respectively, and the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 26, 27, and 28, respectively; (iii) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 11, 12, and 13, respectively, and the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 23, 24, and 25, respectively; (iv) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 20, 21, and 22, respectively, and the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 32, 33, and 34, respectively; (v) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 89, 90, and 91, respectively, and the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 92, 93, and 94, respectively; (vi) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 95, 96, and 97, respectively, and the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 98, 99, and 100, respectively; (vii) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 101, 102, and 103, respectively, and the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 104, 105, and 106, respectively; (viii) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 107, 108, and 109, respectively, and the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 110, 111, and 112, respectively; (ix) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 113, 114, and 115, respectively, and the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 116, 117, and 118, respectively; (x) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 119, 120, and 121, respectively, and the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 122, 123, and 124, respectively; (xi) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 125, 126, and 127, respectively, and the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 128, 129, and 130, respectively; (xii) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 131, 132, and 133, respectively, and the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 134, 135, and 136, respectively; (xiii) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 137, 138, and 139, respectively, and the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 140, 141, and 142, respectively; (xiv) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 143, 144, and 145, respectively, and the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 146, 147, and 148, respectively; (xv) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 149, 150, and 151, respectively, and the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 152, 153, and 154, respectively; (xvi) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 17, 18, and 19, respectively, and the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 201, 270, and 31, respectively; (xvii) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 17, 263, and 19, respectively, and the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 201, 202, and 31, respectively; (xviii) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 17, 264, and 19, respectively, and the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 201, 202, and 31, respectively; (xix) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 207, 208, and 16, respectively, and the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 26, 213, and 28, respectively; (xx) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 209, 210, and 16, respectively, and the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 214, 215, and 216, respectively; (xxi) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 209, 210, and 16, respectively, and the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 214, 217, and 216, respectively; (xxii) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 209, 210, and 16, respectively, and the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 26, 218, and 216, respectively; (xxiii) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 209, 210, and 16, respectively, and the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 26, 217, and 216, respectively; (xxiv) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 209, 210, and 16, respectively, and the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 26, 219, and 220, respectively; (xxv) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 209, 210, and 16, respectively, and the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 26, 221, and 222, respectively; (xxvi) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 211, 12, and 13, respectively, and the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 253, 24, and 25, respectively; (xxvii) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 212, 12, and 13, respectively, and the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 253, 24, and 25, respectively; (xxviii) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 212, 12, and 260, respectively, and the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 253, 24, and 25, respectively; or (xxiv) the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 212, 12, and 261, respectively, and the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 comprises SEQ ID NOs: 253, 24, and 25, respectively.
 30. (canceled)
 31. The method of claim 22, wherein the anti-FAM19A5 antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) and a light chain variable region (VL), wherein: (i) the VH comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 37 and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 41; (ii) the VH comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 36 and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 40; (iii) the VH comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 35 and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 39; (iv) the VH comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 38 and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 42; (v) the VH comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 155 and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 166; (vi) the VH comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 156 and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 167; (vii) the VH comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 157 and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 168; (viii) the VH comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 158 and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 169; (ix) the VH comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 159 and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 170; (x) the VH comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 160 and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 171; (xi) the VH comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 161 and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 172; (xii) the VH comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 162 and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 173; (xiii) the VH comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 163 and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 174; (xiv) the VH comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 164 and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 175; (xv) the VH comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 165 and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 176; (x) the VH comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 271 and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 272; (xvii) the VH comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 203 and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 204; (xviii) the VH comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 254 and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 204; (xix) the VH comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 223 and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 227; (xx) the VH comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 224 and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 228; (xxi) the VH comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 224 and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 229; (xxii) the VH comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 224 and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 230; (xxiii) the VH comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 224 and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 231; (xxiv) the VH comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 224 and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 232; (xxv) the VH comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 224 and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 233; (xxvi) the VH comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 225 and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 234; (xxvii) the VH comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 275 and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 234; (xxviii) the VH comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 226 and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 234; or (xxix) the VH comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 257 and the VL comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:
 234. 32-36. (canceled)
 37. The method of claim 22, wherein the anti-FAM19A5 antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) and a light chain variable region (VL), wherein the VH comprises an amino acid sequence which has at least about 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 37, 36, 35, 38, 155-165, 203, 223-226, 254, 257, 271, or 275; and wherein the VL comprises an amino acid sequence which has at least about 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 41, 40, 39, 42, 166-176, 204, 227-234, or
 272. 38. The method of claim 22, wherein the antibody antigen-binding portion thereof comprises an Fab, an Fab′, an F(ab′)2, an Fv, or a single chain Fv (scFv). 39-42. (canceled)
 43. The method of claim 22, wherein the anti-FAM19A5 antibody is a chimeric antibody, a human antibody, or a humanized antibody. 44-45. (canceled)
 46. The method of claim 8, wherein the FAM19A5 antagonist is administered intravenously, orally, parenterally, intrathecally, intra-cerebroventricularly, pulmonarily, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, intravitreally, or intraventricularly.
 47. (canceled)
 48. The method of claim 11, wherein the FAM19A5 antagonist comprises (i) an antisense oligonucleotide, siRNA, shRNA, miRNA, dsRNA, aptamer, PNA that specifically targets FAM19A5, or a vector including the same, (ii) an antibody, or an antigen-binding portion thereof, that specifically binds to the FAM19A5 protein (anti-FAM19A5 antibody), (iii) a polynucleotide encoding the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, (iv) a vector comprising the polynucleotide, (v) a cell comprising the polynucleotide, or (vi) combinations thereof.
 49. The method of claim 48, wherein the anti-FAM19A5 antibody comprises a heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 and a light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3, wherein: (i) the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 89, SEQ ID NO: 95, SEQ ID NO: 101, SEQ ID NO: 107, SEQ ID NO: 113, SEQ ID NO: 119, SEQ ID NO: 125, SEQ ID NO: 131, SEQ ID NO: 137, SEQ ID NO: 143, SEQ ID NO: 149, SEQ ID NO: 207, SEQ ID NO: 209, SEQ ID NO: 211, or SEQ ID NO: 212; (ii) the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 90, SEQ ID NO: 96, SEQ ID NO: 102, SEQ ID NO: 108, SEQ ID NO: 114, SEQ ID NO: 120, SEQ ID NO: 126, SEQ ID NO: 132, SEQ ID NO: 138, SEQ ID NO: 144, SEQ ID NO: 150, SEQ ID NO: 208, SEQ ID NO: 210, SEQ ID NO: 263, or SEQ ID NO: 264; (iii) the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 91, SEQ ID NO: 97, SEQ ID NO: 103, SEQ ID NO: 109, SEQ ID NO: 115, SEQ ID NO: 121, SEQ ID NO: 127, SEQ ID NO: 133, SEQ ID NO: 139, SEQ ID NO: 145, SEQ ID NO: 151, SEQ ID NO: 260, or SEQ ID NO: 261; (iv) the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 92, SEQ ID NO: 98, SEQ ID NO: 104, SEQ ID NO: 110, SEQ ID NO: 116, SEQ ID NO: 122, SEQ ID NO: 128, SEQ ID NO: 134, SEQ ID NO: 140, SEQ ID NO: 146, SEQ ID NO: 152, SEQ ID NO: 201, SEQ ID NO: 214, or SEQ ID NO: 253; (v) the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 30, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 93, SEQ ID NO: 99, SEQ ID NO: 105, SEQ ID NO: 111, SEQ ID NO: 117, SEQ ID NO: 123, SEQ ID NO: 129, SEQ ID NO: 135, SEQ ID NO: 141, SEQ ID NO: 147, SEQ ID NO: 153, SEQ ID NO: 202, SEQ ID NO: 213, SEQ ID NO: 215, SEQ ID NO: 217, SEQ ID NO: 218, SEQ ID NO: 219, SEQ ID NO: 221, or SEQ ID NO: 270; and/or (vi) the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 31, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 94, SEQ ID NO: 100, SEQ ID NO: 106, SEQ ID NO: 112, SEQ ID NO: 118, SEQ ID NO: 124, SEQ ID NO: 130, SEQ ID NO: 136, SEQ ID NO: 142, SEQ ID NO: 148, SEQ ID NO: 154, SEQ ID NO: 216, SEQ ID NO: 220, or SEQ ID NO:
 222. 50. The method of claim 48, wherein the anti-FAM19A5 antibody is capable of specifically binding to (a) the FAM19A5 epitope sequence TLDRDSSQPRRTIARQTARC (SEQ ID NO: 6) or a fragment thereof, (b) CDMLPCLEGEGCDLLINRSG (SEQ ID NO: 9) or a fragment thereof, or (c) both (a) and (b).
 51. A method of increasing a motor function in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject an antagonist against a family with sequence similarity 19, member A5 (FAM19A5) protein (FAM19A5 antagonist).
 52. The method of claim 51, wherein the FAM19A5 antagonist comprises (i) an antisense oligonucleotide, siRNA, shRNA, miRNA, dsRNA, aptamer, PNA that specifically targets FAM19A5, or a vector including the same, (ii) an antibody, or an antigen-binding portion thereof, that specifically binds to the FAM19A5 protein (anti-FAM19A5 antibody), (iii) a polynucleotide encoding the anti-FAM19A5 antibody, (iv) a vector comprising the polynucleotide, (v) a cell comprising the polynucleotide, or (vi) combinations thereof.
 53. The method of claim 52, wherein the anti-FAM19A5 antibody comprises a heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 and a light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3, wherein: (i) the heavy chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 89, SEQ ID NO: 95, SEQ ID NO: 101, SEQ ID NO: 107, SEQ ID NO: 113, SEQ ID NO: 119, SEQ ID NO: 125, SEQ ID NO: 131, SEQ ID NO: 137, SEQ ID NO: 143, SEQ ID NO: 149, SEQ ID NO: 207, SEQ ID NO: 209, SEQ ID NO: 211, or SEQ ID NO: 212; (ii) the heavy chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 90, SEQ ID NO: 96, SEQ ID NO: 102, SEQ ID NO: 108, SEQ ID NO: 114, SEQ ID NO: 120, SEQ ID NO: 126, SEQ ID NO: 132, SEQ ID NO: 138, SEQ ID NO: 144, SEQ ID NO: 150, SEQ ID NO: 208, SEQ ID NO: 210, SEQ ID NO: 263, or SEQ ID NO: 264; (iii) the heavy chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 91, SEQ ID NO: 97, SEQ ID NO: 103, SEQ ID NO: 109, SEQ ID NO: 115, SEQ ID NO: 121, SEQ ID NO: 127, SEQ ID NO: 133, SEQ ID NO: 139, SEQ ID NO: 145, SEQ ID NO: 151, SEQ ID NO: 260, or SEQ ID NO: 261; (iv) the light chain CDR1 comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 29, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 32, SEQ ID NO: 92, SEQ ID NO: 98, SEQ ID NO: 104, SEQ ID NO: 110, SEQ ID NO: 116, SEQ ID NO: 122, SEQ ID NO: 128, SEQ ID NO: 134, SEQ ID NO: 140, SEQ ID NO: 146, SEQ ID NO: 152, SEQ ID NO: 201, SEQ ID NO: 214, or SEQ ID NO: 253; (v) the light chain CDR2 comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 30, SEQ ID NO: 27, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 33, SEQ ID NO: 93, SEQ ID NO: 99, SEQ ID NO: 105, SEQ ID NO: 111, SEQ ID NO: 117, SEQ ID NO: 123, SEQ ID NO: 129, SEQ ID NO: 135, SEQ ID NO: 141, SEQ ID NO: 147, SEQ ID NO: 153, SEQ ID NO: 202, SEQ ID NO: 213, SEQ ID NO: 215, SEQ ID NO: 217, SEQ ID NO: 218, SEQ ID NO: 219, SEQ ID NO: 221, or SEQ ID NO: 270; and/or (vi) the light chain CDR3 comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 31, SEQ ID NO: 28, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 34, SEQ ID NO: 94, SEQ ID NO: 100, SEQ ID NO: 106, SEQ ID NO: 112, SEQ ID NO: 118, SEQ ID NO: 124, SEQ ID NO: 130, SEQ ID NO: 136, SEQ ID NO: 142, SEQ ID NO: 148, SEQ ID NO: 154, SEQ ID NO: 216, SEQ ID NO: 220, or SEQ ID NO:
 222. 54. The method of claim 52, wherein the anti-FAM19A5 antibody comprise a heavy chain variable region (VH) and a light chain variable region (VL), wherein the VH comprises an amino acid sequence which has at least about 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 37, 36, 35, 38, 155-165, 203, 223-226, 254, 257, 271, or 275; and wherein the VL comprises an amino acid sequence which has at least about 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 41, 40, 39, 42, 166-176, 204, 227-234, or
 272. 55. The method of claim 52, wherein the anti-FAM19A5 antibody is capable of specifically binding to (a) the FAM19A5 epitope sequence TLDRDSSQPRRTIARQTARC (SEQ ID NO: 6) or a fragment thereof, (b) CDMLPCLEGEGCDLLINRSG (SEQ ID NO: 9) or a fragment thereof, or (c) both (a) and (b). 